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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Vedic and Classical Sanskrit and Pali pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA, and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See shiksha for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.
Key
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Notes
- ^ a b c Devanagari consonant letters such as क have the inherent vowel अ a. Thus, क is pronounced ka, even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant k only and do not include the vowel 'a'.
- ^ a b c Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919 transliteration.
- ^ a b c d e Vowels may occur nasalised as an allophone of the nasal consonants in certain positions: see anusvara and chandrabindu.
- ^ /r/ may be phonetically realised as [ɽ], [ɾ] or [ɾ̪] in Classical Sanskrit.
- ^ Sanskrit distinguishes between long and short vowels. Each monophthong has a long and short phoneme. The diphthongs, historically /əi, aːi, əu, aːu/, also have a difference in quality: [e, ei, o, ou]. Rarely, vowels may be extra-long.
- ^ [ai], [ɐi] or [ɛi] in Classical Sanskrit.
- ^ [au], [ɐu] or [ɔu] in Classical Sanskrit.
- ^ [ɻĭ] or [ɾɪ] for most modern speakers. [rŭ] for southern speakers.
- ^ [ri] or [ɽiː] for most modern speakers. [ru] for southern speakers.
- ^ [lrĭ] for most modern speakers. [lĭ] in Bengali and Maithili regions.
- ^ Visarga, added after a vowel.
- ^ In Classical Sanskrit, stress was predictable by syllable weight: counting from the end of a word, the second-last was stressed if heavy (having a long vowel or a coda consonant); if it was light, the third-last was stressed if heavy; otherwise, stress fell on the fourth-last syllable. Vedic Sanskrit, in contrast, possessed an unpredictable pitch accent.
References
- Zieba, Maciej; Stiehl, Ulrich (June 9, 2002). "The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit" (PDF). Ulrich Stiehl. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
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