The Dardanian–Bastarnic war was a military conflict between the Kingdom of Dardania and the Bastarnae tribe.
History
Philip V of Macedon planned to use the Bastarnae as a base to attack the Romans, but that required the Macedonians to settle in Dardania, along with their families, affecting the Dardanians as a people group. This would destroy long-time enemies of the Macedonian state and secure a path to Rome. Some twenty years before, Philip had lost a war against the Roman Republic, known as the Second Macedonian War. However, war was again threatened.
The Dardanians used every opportunity to loot Macedonia, and Philip's army was too weak at the time to attack them.
In 179 BC Philip died, just after the Bastarnae left their homeland. When they heard the news about Philip's death, the Bastarnae began moving through the Odrysian Kingdom. The Thracians felt that after the king's death, they were no longer under obligation to help and supply these barbarians. The Bastarnae started looting Odrysia in search for food. The Thracians made up an army, but they were weaker than the Bastarnae. The Bastarnae beat them and made them evacuate to hills and mountains. Thracian soldiers and families moved to Thracia's highest peak, Mt. Musala. The Bastarnae chased them, but when they reached the mountains, a heavy storm hit them and they retreated.
War
Some 30,000 Bastarnae started moving to Dardania, while others returned home. They reached Dardania in autumn of 179 BC.
The Bastarnae formed several camps. The Dardanians thought they were going to vanquish the enemy easily, but years passed and attackers were still there. In 176 BC Dardanian king Monunius II sent a delegation to Rome, accusing Macedonian king Perseus of invading the Bastarnae. Perseus wanted good relations with the Roman Republic, so he denied all accusations.
The Dardanians waited to attack until the Bastarnae's allies, the Scordisci and the Thracians, went home for the winter; either in late 176 BC, or the early winter of 175–174 BC. They split into two groups; one to attack from the front, and the other from the rear via a remote pass. The first group was defeated; the Bastarnae pushed them and besieged them in their city. The second Dardanian group seized the enemy camp, which was left unguarded, and probably took the Bastarnian women and children as hostages; this would have pressured the Bastarnae to leave Dardania in exchange for the members of their families.[1][2][3]
Aftermath
In early 174 BC, the Bastarnae recruited an innumerable force, but as it was crossing the frozen river of the Danube with the intent to raid Dardania, the ice broke and most of them perished. Some scholars, such as Fanula Papazoglu, have conflated this incident recorded by Orosius, with the preceding war recorded by Livy; while others, such as N. G. L. Hammond, are against this approach, having argued that "the circumstances are so different from those of the (assumed) withdrawal of the Bastamae from Dardania in Livy that the two movements should not be telescoped into one."[1][2][3]
The Dardanians won the war, but they were heavily damaged and reduced in power.[4] Dardania continued to exist until Roman conquest in 28 BC.
See also
Footnotes
- ^ a b Hammond & Walbank 1988, p. 496.
- ^ a b Burton 2017, pp. 62–63.
- ^ a b Worthington 2023, p. 189.
- ^ Mócsy 1974, pp. 10, 26.
References
- Burton, Paul J. (2017). Rome and the Third Macedonian War. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316221631. ISBN 978-1-107-10444-0.
- Hammond, N. G. L.; Walbank, F. W. (1988). A History of Macedonia: 336–167 B.C. Vol. 3. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-814815-9.
- Mócsy, András (1974). Frere, Sheppard (ed.). Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-710-07714-1.
- Papazoglu, Fanula (1969). Benac, Alojz; Čović, Borivoj (eds.). Srednjobalkanska plemena u predrimsko doba: Tribali, Autarijati, Dardanci, Skordisci i Mezi (PDF) (in Bosnian). Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-23.
- Worthington, Ian (2023). The Last Kings of Macedonia and the Triumph of Rome. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-752005-5.
Further reading
- Ujes, Dubravka (2002). "Coins of the Macedonian Kingdom in the Interior of Balkans: Their Inflow and Use in the Territory of the Scordisci". Histoire & Mesure. 17 (3/4): 7–41. ISSN 0982-1783 – via JSTOR.
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