Taxus Baccata

by | Mar 15, 2018 | Taxus Baccata

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Bhavacakra (Sanskrit, Devanagari: भवचक्र; Pali: bhavacakka) or the wheel of becoming is a symbolic representation of the continuity of the process of existence in the form of a circle, used in Tibetan Buddhism, here on a thangka

The Six Paths[1] in Buddhist cosmology[2] are the six worlds where sentient beings are reincarnated based on their karma, which is linked to their actions in previous lives. These paths are depicted in the Bhavacakra ("wheel of existence").[3] The six paths are:[4]

  1. the world of gods or celestial beings (deva) ;
  2. the world of warlike demigods (asura) ;
  3. the world of human beings (manushya) ;
  4. the world of animals (tiryagyoni) ;
  5. the world of hungry ghosts (preta) ;
  6. the world of Hell (naraka).

The first three paths are known as "the three benevolent destinies" (kuśalagati), where beings experience varying degrees of virtue, pleasure, and pain. The last three paths are referred to as the three unbenevolent destinies (akuśalagati), where beings lack virtue and suffer predominantly. Typically, we as human beings only perceive the animals around us. The first Buddhist texts mention only five paths without distinguishing between the paths of devas and asuras.[4] Moreover not all texts acknowledge the world of asura.[5] In Japan, the monk Genshin even inexplicably places the path of humans below that of the asuras.[6]

The elements forming karma are constituted in bodily, oral or mental volitional acts. The chain of transmigration due to the Three Poisons (hatred, greed, ignorance), of which ignorance (avidyā) of the ultimate truth (Sanskrit: paramārtha; Chinese: zhēndì 真谛) or the true law (Sanskrit: saddharma, सद्धर्म, correct law; Chinese: miàofǎ, 妙法, marvelous law) is generally presented as the source of reincarnation in the three non-benevolent destinies.[7]

While it might be tempting to aspire a rebirth within the world of gods or celestial beings, the devas are so full of joy in this realm that are unable to understand the teaching about the permanent dukkha in samsara.[5] Furthermore, even a deva having consumed all the good karma within the pleasurable existence in this realm, can be reborn in Naraka.[8]

See also

References

  1. ^ Quentin Ludwig, Le grand livre du bouddhisme, p. 179
  2. ^ Robert E. Buswell Jr; Donald S. Lopez Jr (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton (N.J.): Princeton University Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-691-15786-3..
  3. ^ Damien Keown; Charles S. Prebish (16 December 2013). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Taylor & Francis. p. 340. ISBN 978-1-136-98595-9.
  4. ^ a b Buswell, Robert E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Vol. 2. Macmillan, Thomson, Gale. pp. 711–712. ISBN 978-0-02-865718-9.
  5. ^ a b Laut, Jens Peter (2013). "Hells in Central Asian Turkic Buddhism and Early Turkic Islam". Tra quattro paradisi: Esperienze, ideologie e riti relativi alla morte tra Oriente e Occidente: 20. ISBN 978-88-97735-10-7 – via Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia.
  6. ^ Erika Peschard-Erlih (1993). "La mort des dieux". Ebisu (in French) (1). Maison franco-japonaise [fr]: 71. ISBN 9782738420473.
  7. ^ Buswell, Robert E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Vol. 1. Macmillan, Thomson, Gale. pp. 185–186. ISBN 978-0-02-865719-6.
  8. ^ Braavig, Jens (2009). "The Buddhist: An Early Instance of the Idea?". Numen. 56 (2/3): 256 – via JSTOR.
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