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ThoughtIdRetired (talk | contribs) it's not a type of boat, it's a construction method |
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{{Short description|Boat construction method from Maritime Southeast Asia}} |
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[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific (per Benton et al, 2012, adapted from Bellwood, 2011).png|upright=1.5|thumb|Map showing the migration and expansion of the [[Austronesians]]]] |
[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific (per Benton et al, 2012, adapted from Bellwood, 2011).png|upright=1.5|thumb|Map showing the migration and expansion of the [[Austronesians]]]] |
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'''Lashed-lug boats''' are built using a long-standing traditional [[boat-building]] technique found in [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]. It dates back at least to early in the first millennium CE and its use has continued into the 20th century. Lashed lug construction is closely associated with [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]] maritime activity.{{r|Manguin 2019}} |
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The defining feature is the presence of raised lugs (also called "cleats") that are left on the inner face of hull planks when the thickness of the timber is reduced down to the general planking thickness. These lugs have holes drilled in them so that other hull components, such as ribs, [[thwart]]s or other structural components can be tied to them with natural fibre ropes ("lashed"). This allows a structure to be put together without any metal fastenings.{{r|Manguin 2019}}{{r|McGrail 2009|pp=297-302}} |
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In older arrangements, the lashed lug construction is accompanied by the [[sewn boat| stitching together]] of the edges of the hull planks. This is done in a characteristic way which contrasts with the edge-stitching of planks in, for instance, traditional Indian Ocean craft. Lashed lug construction has a sequence of individually tied stitches which pass through L-shaped holes cut from the plank edge to the inner face of the plank. The result is that none of the stitch is exposed on the outside of the hull and is so protected from abrasion. The edge-to-edge fastening of the planks was supplemented by some dowels which joined the planks together{{snd}}the dowels are thought to aid positioning during constructions and to resist shearing forces on the lashings while the boat is in use.{{r|Manguin 2019}}<ref name="McGrail 2009">{{cite book |last1=McGrail |first1=Seán |title=Boats of the world: from the stone age to medieval times |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford New York |isbn=0199271860 |edition=Reprinted}}</ref>{{rp|297}} |
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In archaeological remains that date from the beginning of the second millennium CE, the number of dowels used to join hull planking increased and stitching ceased to be used.{{r|Manguin 2019}} |
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Consequently the terminology that was agreed upon for these construction techniques are "stitched-plank and lashed-lug" for the older method and "lashed-lug" alone for the later one.{{r|Manguin 2019}} |
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Lashed-lug construction has been used on a wide size range of vessels, from small craft, such as logboats that have had planks added to their sides to increase their freeboard, to large plank-built ships.{{r|Manguin 2019}} |
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| ⚫ | Unlike [[Carvel (boat building)|carvel construction]] and in common with many early boat building methods, the shell of the boat is created first, prior to being fastened to the ribs. The seams between planks are also sealed with absorbent [[tapa bark]] and fiber that expands when wet or [[caulk]]ed with resin-based preparations.<ref name="Horridge2006"/><ref name="Manguin 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Manguin |first1=Pierre‐yves |title=Sewn Boats of Southeast Asia: the stitched‐plank and lashed‐lug tradition |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=1 September 2019 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=400–415 |doi=10.1111/1095-9270.12367|s2cid=202363901 }}</ref><ref name="horridge2008">{{cite book|first1=Adrian|last1=Horridge|editor1-first=Anne|editor1-last=Di Piazza|editor2-first=Erik|editor2-last=Pearthree |title =Canoes of the Grand Ocean |chapter =Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs|publisher =Archaeopress|series =BAR International Series 1802|year =2008|isbn =9781407302898 |chapter-url =http://adrian-horridge.org/downloads/Pacific%20canoes.pdf}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The lashed-lug construction technique is found in traditional boats of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]], [[Melanesia]], [[Madagascar]], [[Micronesia]], and [[Polynesia]]. It forms part of the maritime technology used by Austronesian peoples in their spread throughout the islands of the [[Indo-Pacific]] starting at 3000 to 1500 BCE.<ref name="Horridge2006">{{cite book |editor1-last=Bellwood |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Fox |editor2-first=James J. |editor3-last=Tryon |editor3-first=Darrell |last1=Horridge |first1=Adrian |title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives |date=2006 |publisher=ANU E Press |chapter=The Austronesian Conquest of the Sea - Upwind |isbn=9781920942854 |pages=143–160 |doi=10.22459/a.09.2006.07 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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The lashed-lug technique of Island South-east Asia is considered to be very similar to that found in archaeological remains of some north-European boats. This is considered to be a case of independent invention of one of a limited number of solutions to the same boat-building problem.{{r|Manguin 2019}} |
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==Basic construction== |
==Basic construction== |
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[[File:Naga Pelangi building without frames.jpg|thumb|Construction of the ''[[Naga Pelangi]]'' in 2004, a [[Malaysia]]n ''[[Pinas (ship)|pinas]]'', using traditional lashed-lug techniques. Note the protruding dowels on the upper edges of the planks and the fiber caulking in the seams.]] |
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The lashed-lug technique remains remarkably homogeneous throughout the entirety of the [[Austronesia]]n range. The [[keel]] and the base of the hull is a simple [[dugout canoe]]. Planks are then added gradually to the keel, either by [[sewn boat|sewing]] fiber ropes through drilled holes or through the use of internal dowels ("treenails") on the plank edges.<ref name="Pham"/><ref name="Horridge2006"/> |
The lashed-lug technique remains remarkably homogeneous throughout the entirety of the [[Austronesia]]n range. The [[keel]] and the base of the hull is a simple [[dugout canoe]]. Planks are then added gradually to the keel, either by [[sewn boat|sewing]] fiber ropes through drilled holes or through the use of internal dowels ("treenails") on the plank edges.<ref name="Pham"/><ref name="Horridge2006"/> |
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[[File:Lashed-lug planking in the Butuan balangay boat Two (Clark, Green, Vosmer, & Santiago, 1993).png|thumb|left|300px|Generalized diagram (cross-section) of lashed-lug planking in [[Balangay|Butuan Boat Two]] (Clark ''et al.'', 1993)<ref name="Clark">{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Paul |last2=Green |first2=Jeremy |last3=Vosmer |first3=Tom |last4=Santiago |first4=Ray |title=The Butuan Two boat known as a balangay in the National Museum, Manila, Philippines |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=May 1993 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=143–159 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.1993.tb00403.x}}</ref>]] |
[[File:Lashed-lug planking in the Butuan balangay boat Two (Clark, Green, Vosmer, & Santiago, 1993).png|thumb|left|300px|Generalized diagram (cross-section) of lashed-lug planking in [[Balangay|Butuan Boat Two]] (Clark ''et al.'', 1993)<ref name="Clark">{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Paul |last2=Green |first2=Jeremy |last3=Vosmer |first3=Tom |last4=Santiago |first4=Ray |title=The Butuan Two boat known as a balangay in the National Museum, Manila, Philippines |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=May 1993 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=143–159 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.1993.tb00403.x}}</ref>]] |
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==Archaeology== |
==Archaeology== |
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[[File:Planks of a Butuan balangay in the Butuan National Museum.jpg|thumb|Planks from one of the ''[[balangay]]'' burial boats (c. |
[[File:Planks of a Butuan balangay in the Butuan National Museum.jpg|thumb|Planks from one of the ''[[balangay]]'' burial boats (c.320–1250 CE) in the Butuan National Museum in the [[Philippines]] showing the holes on the edges where dowels were inserted]] |
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Lashed-lug techniques |
Lashed-lug techniques are different enough from the shipbuilding methods of South Asia, the Middle East, and China to identify remains of ships found in this region as being Austronesian. Despite this, some lashed-lug Austronesian shipwrecks have been misidentified as Indian or Chinese due to their cargo in the past. Non-Austronesian ships also later adopted lashed-lug techniques from contact with Austronesian traders, the most notable example being the [[Belitung shipwreck]] (c.830 CE).<ref name="Pham"/><ref name="brown">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Roxanna M. |title=History of Shipwreck Excavation in Southeast Asia |publisher=ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute |pages=42–55 |url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/centres/nalanda_sriwijaya_centre/compilations/belitung/02_brown_040to055.pdf}}</ref><ref name="lacsina">{{cite thesis |last=Lacsina |first=Ligaya |date=2016 |title=Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques |publisher=Flinders University|type=PhD}}</ref> |
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The oldest recovered lashed-lug ships include the [[Pontian boat]] of [[Pahang]], [[Malaysia]] (c. |
The oldest recovered lashed-lug ships include the [[Pontian boat]] of [[Pahang]], [[Malaysia]] (c.260–430 CE) and the [[balangay]] boat burials of [[Butuan]], [[Philippines]] (c.320–1250 CE). Archaeological evidence of lashed-lug ships from 1500 BCE to 1300 CE remains negligible due to the perishable nature of wooden vessels in the tropics.<ref name="Pham">{{cite book |last1=Pham |first1=Charlotte Minh-Hà L. |title=Asian Shipbuilding Technology |date=2012 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-9223-414-0 |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/images/630X300/UNIT14.pdf}}</ref><ref name="brown"/><ref name="Heng">{{cite journal |last1=Heng |first1=Derek |title=Ships, Shipwrecks, and Archaeological Recoveries as Sources of Southeast Asian History |journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History |date=2019 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.97 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38930786|isbn=9780190277727 }}</ref> |
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==Comparison with other traditions== |
==Comparison with other traditions== |
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Though the [[sewn boat]] technique (but not the lashed lugs) is also used for boats in the western [[Indian Ocean]] traditions, it differs in that the stitching in Austronesian boats are discontinuous and only visible from the inside of the hull. This indicates that the sewn boat techniques of the Indian Ocean and Austronesia are not culturally-linked and developed independent of each other. The planks of ancient Austronesian ships were originally joined together using only the [[sewn boat]] technique. However, the development of [[metallurgy]] in Maritime Southeast Asia in the last two thousand years resulted in the replacement of the sewing technique with internal dowels, as well as increasing use of metal nails.<ref name="Pham"/><ref name="Horridge2006"/> |
Though the [[sewn boat]] technique (but not the lashed lugs) is also used for boats in the western [[Indian Ocean]] traditions, it differs in that the stitching in Austronesian boats are discontinuous and only visible from the inside of the hull. This indicates that the sewn boat techniques of the Indian Ocean and Austronesia are not culturally-linked and developed independent of each other. The planks of ancient Austronesian ships were originally joined together using only the [[sewn boat]] technique. However, the development of [[metallurgy]] in Maritime Southeast Asia in the last two thousand years resulted in the replacement of the sewing technique with internal dowels, as well as increasing use of metal nails.<ref name="Pham"/><ref name="Horridge2006"/>[[File:Nydam-Boot.JPG|thumb|300px|Nydam boat (Denmark), showing frames which are lashed to cleats (lugs) on the hull planking]] |
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Early Scandinavian boats used lashings through cleats (lugs) on the hull planks to attach to the ribs of the boat. An example of this tradition is the [[Nydam Mose#Nydam boat|Nydam boat]], dated to 310-320 CE. This particular boat combined metal fastenings of planks, sewn planks and lashed cleats/lugs connecting to ribs. An earlier example (400-300 BCE), the [[Hjortspring boat]] is based on a dugout log which is expanded with sewn [[Clinker (boat building)|clinker]] planks with integral cleats/lugs lashed to framing. The [[Gokstad ship]] also used the lashing of ribs to cleats in the lower parts of the hull, and treenails elsewhere.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McGrail |first1=Sean |title=Early ships and seafaring : European water transport |date=2014 |publisher=Pen and Sword Books Limited |location=South Yorkshire, England |isbn=9781781593929}}</ref>{{rp|159, 167}} Lashed lug also has a general similarity to the Bronze age [[Ferriby Boats|Ferriby boats]] in England.<ref name="McGrail 2014b">{{cite book |last1=McGrail |first1=Sean |title=Early ships and seafaring : water transport beyond Europe |date=2014 |publisher=Pen and Sword Books Limited |location=Barnsley |isbn=9781473825598}}</ref>{{rp|124}} |
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{{clear}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 08:02, 2 November 2023
Lashed-lug boats are built using a long-standing traditional boat-building technique found in Maritime Southeast Asia. It dates back at least to early in the first millennium CE and its use has continued into the 20th century. Lashed lug construction is closely associated with Austronesian maritime activity.[1]
The defining feature is the presence of raised lugs (also called "cleats") that are left on the inner face of hull planks when the thickness of the timber is reduced down to the general planking thickness. These lugs have holes drilled in them so that other hull components, such as ribs, thwarts or other structural components can be tied to them with natural fibre ropes ("lashed"). This allows a structure to be put together without any metal fastenings.[1][2]: 297–302
In older arrangements, the lashed lug construction is accompanied by the stitching together of the edges of the hull planks. This is done in a characteristic way which contrasts with the edge-stitching of planks in, for instance, traditional Indian Ocean craft. Lashed lug construction has a sequence of individually tied stitches which pass through L-shaped holes cut from the plank edge to the inner face of the plank. The result is that none of the stitch is exposed on the outside of the hull and is so protected from abrasion. The edge-to-edge fastening of the planks was supplemented by some dowels which joined the planks together – the dowels are thought to aid positioning during constructions and to resist shearing forces on the lashings while the boat is in use.[1][2]: 297
In archaeological remains that date from the beginning of the second millennium CE, the number of dowels used to join hull planking increased and stitching ceased to be used.[1]
Consequently the terminology that was agreed upon for these construction techniques are "stitched-plank and lashed-lug" for the older method and "lashed-lug" alone for the later one.[1]
Lashed-lug construction has been used on a wide size range of vessels, from small craft, such as logboats that have had planks added to their sides to increase their freeboard, to large plank-built ships.[1]
Unlike carvel construction and in common with many early boat building methods, the shell of the boat is created first, prior to being fastened to the ribs. The seams between planks are also sealed with absorbent tapa bark and fiber that expands when wet or caulked with resin-based preparations.[3][1][4]
The lashed-lug construction technique is found in traditional boats of Maritime Southeast Asia, Melanesia, Madagascar, Micronesia, and Polynesia. It forms part of the maritime technology used by Austronesian peoples in their spread throughout the islands of the Indo-Pacific starting at 3000 to 1500 BCE.[3]
The lashed-lug technique of Island South-east Asia is considered to be very similar to that found in archaeological remains of some north-European boats. This is considered to be a case of independent invention of one of a limited number of solutions to the same boat-building problem.[1]
Basic construction
The lashed-lug technique remains remarkably homogeneous throughout the entirety of the Austronesian range. The keel and the base of the hull is a simple dugout canoe. Planks are then added gradually to the keel, either by sewing fiber ropes through drilled holes or through the use of internal dowels ("treenails") on the plank edges.[5][3]
The most distinctive aspect of lashed-lug boats are the lugs (also called "cleats" by some authors). These are a series of carved protrusions with holes bored into them on the inside surfaces of the planks which are then lashed tightly together with the lugs on the adjacent planks and to ribs using plaited fiber (usually rattan, coir, and other palm fibers).[3][5]
The seams of the planks were commonly caulked with resin-based pastes made from various plants as well as tapa bark and fibers which would expand when wet, further tightening joints and making the hull watertight. The ends of the boat are capped with single pieces of carved Y-shaped wooden blocks or posts which are attached to the planks in the same way.[3]
Once the shell of the boat is completed, the ribs are then built and lashed to the lugs to further strengthen the structure of the ship, while still retaining the inherent flexibility of the outer hull. The outriggers, when present, are attached with similar lashings to the main hull.[4]
The smallest Austronesian boat (excluding rafts and dugout canoes) characteristically have five parts all put together using the lashed-lug technique. These consist of the dugout keel, two planks that form the strakes, and the end caps for the prow and the stern. Larger ships usually differed in the number of planks used for the strakes, but the construction techniques remain the same.[3]
Archaeology
Lashed-lug techniques are different enough from the shipbuilding methods of South Asia, the Middle East, and China to identify remains of ships found in this region as being Austronesian. Despite this, some lashed-lug Austronesian shipwrecks have been misidentified as Indian or Chinese due to their cargo in the past. Non-Austronesian ships also later adopted lashed-lug techniques from contact with Austronesian traders, the most notable example being the Belitung shipwreck (c.830 CE).[5][7][8]
The oldest recovered lashed-lug ships include the Pontian boat of Pahang, Malaysia (c.260–430 CE) and the balangay boat burials of Butuan, Philippines (c.320–1250 CE). Archaeological evidence of lashed-lug ships from 1500 BCE to 1300 CE remains negligible due to the perishable nature of wooden vessels in the tropics.[5][7][9]
Comparison with other traditions
Though the sewn boat technique (but not the lashed lugs) is also used for boats in the western Indian Ocean traditions, it differs in that the stitching in Austronesian boats are discontinuous and only visible from the inside of the hull. This indicates that the sewn boat techniques of the Indian Ocean and Austronesia are not culturally-linked and developed independent of each other. The planks of ancient Austronesian ships were originally joined together using only the sewn boat technique. However, the development of metallurgy in Maritime Southeast Asia in the last two thousand years resulted in the replacement of the sewing technique with internal dowels, as well as increasing use of metal nails.[5][3]
Early Scandinavian boats used lashings through cleats (lugs) on the hull planks to attach to the ribs of the boat. An example of this tradition is the Nydam boat, dated to 310-320 CE. This particular boat combined metal fastenings of planks, sewn planks and lashed cleats/lugs connecting to ribs. An earlier example (400-300 BCE), the Hjortspring boat is based on a dugout log which is expanded with sewn clinker planks with integral cleats/lugs lashed to framing. The Gokstad ship also used the lashing of ribs to cleats in the lower parts of the hull, and treenails elsewhere.[10]: 159, 167 Lashed lug also has a general similarity to the Bronze age Ferriby boats in England.[11]: 124
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Manguin, Pierre‐yves (1 September 2019). "Sewn Boats of Southeast Asia: the stitched‐plank and lashed‐lug tradition". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 48 (2): 400–415. doi:10.1111/1095-9270.12367. S2CID 202363901.
- ^ a b McGrail, Seán (2009). Boats of the world: from the stone age to medieval times (Reprinted ed.). Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199271860.
- ^ a b c d e f g Horridge, Adrian (2006). "The Austronesian Conquest of the Sea - Upwind". In Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (eds.). The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. ANU E Press. pp. 143–160. doi:10.22459/a.09.2006.07. ISBN 9781920942854.
- ^ a b Horridge, Adrian (2008). "Origins and Relationships of Pacific Canoes and Rigs" (PDF). In Di Piazza, Anne; Pearthree, Erik (eds.). Canoes of the Grand Ocean. BAR International Series 1802. Archaeopress. ISBN 9781407302898.
- ^ a b c d e Pham, Charlotte Minh-Hà L. (2012). Asian Shipbuilding Technology (PDF). UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-9223-414-0.
- ^ Clark, Paul; Green, Jeremy; Vosmer, Tom; Santiago, Ray (May 1993). "The Butuan Two boat known as a balangay in the National Museum, Manila, Philippines". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 22 (2): 143–159. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1993.tb00403.x.
- ^ a b Brown, Roxanna M. History of Shipwreck Excavation in Southeast Asia (PDF). ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. pp. 42–55.
- ^ Lacsina, Ligaya (2016). Examining pre-colonial Southeast Asian boatbuilding: An archaeological study of the Butuan Boats and the use of edge-joined planking in local and regional construction techniques (PhD). Flinders University.
- ^ Heng, Derek (2019). "Ships, Shipwrecks, and Archaeological Recoveries as Sources of Southeast Asian History". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History: 1–29. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.97. ISBN 9780190277727.
- ^ McGrail, Sean (2014). Early ships and seafaring : European water transport. South Yorkshire, England: Pen and Sword Books Limited. ISBN 9781781593929.
- ^ McGrail, Sean (2014). Early ships and seafaring : water transport beyond Europe. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books Limited. ISBN 9781473825598.
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