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'''Ornithothoraces''' is a group of [[avialan]]s that includes all [[enantiornithes]] ("opposite birds") and the [[euornithes]] ("true birds"), which includes modern [[bird]]s and their closest ancestors. The name Ornithothoraces means "bird thoraxes". This refers to the modern, highly advanced anatomy of the [[thorax]] that gave the ornithothoracines superior flight capability compared with more primitive avialans. This anatomy includes a large, keeled breastbone, elongated [[coracoid]]s and a modified [[glenoid]] joint in the shoulder, and a semi-rigid rib cage. In spite of this at least the sternum seems to have developed convergently rather than being a true homology.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zheng |first1=Xiaoting |last2=Wang |first2=Xiaoli |last3=O'Connor |first3=Jingmai |last4=Zhou |first4=Zhonghe |title=Insight into the early evolution of the avian sternum from juvenile enantiornithines |journal=Nature Communications |date=9 October 2012 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1038/ncomms2104 }}</ref>
'''Ornithothoraces''' is a group of [[avialan]]s that includes all [[enantiornithes]] ("opposite birds") and the [[euornithes]] ("true birds"), which includes modern [[bird]]s and their closest ancestors. The name Ornithothoraces means "bird thoraxes". This refers to the modern, highly advanced anatomy of the [[thorax]] that gave the ornithothoracines superior flight capability compared with more primitive avialans. This anatomy includes a large, keeled breastbone, elongated [[coracoid]]s and a modified [[glenoid]] joint in the shoulder, and a semi-rigid rib cage. In spite of this at least the sternum seems to have developed convergently rather than being a true homology.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zheng |first1=Xiaoting |last2=Wang |first2=Xiaoli |last3=O'Connor |first3=Jingmai |last4=Zhou |first4=Zhonghe |title=Insight into the early evolution of the avian sternum from juvenile enantiornithines |journal=Nature Communications |date=9 October 2012 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1116 |doi=10.1038/ncomms2104 |pmid=23047674 |bibcode=2012NatCo...3.1116Z }}</ref>


The earliest known members of the group are the enantiornitheans ''[[Protopteryx fengningensis]]'', ''[[Eopengornis martini]]'', and ''[[Cruralispennia multidonta]]'', as well as the euornithine ''[[Archaeornithura meemannae]]'', all from the Sichakou Member of the [[Huajiying Formation]] in [[China]], which has been dated to 130.7 million years old.<ref name="Min et al (2015)">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/ncomms7987| pmid = 25942493| title = The oldest record of ornithuromorpha from the early cretaceous of China| journal = Nature Communications| volume = 6| pages = 6987| year = 2015| last1 = Wang | first1 = M. | last2 = Zheng | first2 = X. | last3 = o’Connor | first3 = J. K. | last4 = Lloyd | first4 = G. T. | last5 = Wang | first5 = X. | last6 = Wang | first6 = Y. | last7 = Zhang | first7 = X. | last8 = Zhou | first8 = Z. | pmc = 5426517 }}</ref> At least one other enantiornithean, ''[[Noguerornis gonzalezi]]'', may be even older, at up to 145.5 million years ago, though its exact age is uncertain.<ref name="Holtz2008">Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) ''Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,'' [http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf Winter 2011 Appendix.]</ref>
The earliest known members of the group are the enantiornitheans ''[[Protopteryx fengningensis]]'', ''[[Eopengornis martini]]'', and ''[[Cruralispennia multidonta]]'', as well as the euornithine ''[[Archaeornithura meemannae]]'', all from the Sichakou Member of the [[Huajiying Formation]] in [[China]], which has been dated to 130.7 million years old.<ref name="Min et al (2015)">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/ncomms7987| pmid = 25942493| title = The oldest record of ornithuromorpha from the early cretaceous of China| journal = Nature Communications| volume = 6| pages = 6987| year = 2015| last1 = Wang | first1 = M. | last2 = Zheng | first2 = X. | last3 = o’Connor | first3 = J. K. | last4 = Lloyd | first4 = G. T. | last5 = Wang | first5 = X. | last6 = Wang | first6 = Y. | last7 = Zhang | first7 = X. | last8 = Zhou | first8 = Z. | pmc = 5426517 | bibcode = 2015NatCo...6.6987W}}</ref> At least one other enantiornithean, ''[[Noguerornis gonzalezi]]'', may be even older, at up to 145.5 million years ago, though its exact age is uncertain.<ref name="Holtz2008">Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) ''Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages,'' [http://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/dinoappendix/HoltzappendixWinter2011.pdf Winter 2011 Appendix.]</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==
In 1994, Chiappe and Calvo established a [[phylogenetic nomenclature|phylogenetic]] definition of the group. They defend Ornithothoraces as a node-based [[clade]], the common ancestor of ''[[Iberomesornis|Iberomesornis romerali]]'' and modern birds, and all of its other descendants.<ref name="Chiappe&Calvo1994">{{cite journal | last1 = Chiappe | first1 = Luis | last2 = Calvo | first2 = J.O. | year = 1994 | title = ''Nequenornis volans'', a new Late Cretaceous bird (Enantiornithes:Avisauridae) from Patagonia, Argentina | url = | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 14 | issue = | pages = 230–246 | doi=10.1080/02724634.1994.10011554}}</ref> In 1998, [[Paul Sereno]] defined Ornithothoraces in the same way, but used ''[[Sinornis|Sinornis santensis]]'' instead of ''Iberomesornis romerali''.<ref name="Sereno1998">{{cite journal | last1 = Sereno | first1 = Paul | year = 1998 | title = A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria | url = | journal = Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie | volume = 210 | issue = | pages = 41–83 }}</ref>
In 1994, Chiappe and Calvo established a [[phylogenetic nomenclature|phylogenetic]] definition of the group. They defend Ornithothoraces as a node-based [[clade]], the common ancestor of ''[[Iberomesornis|Iberomesornis romerali]]'' and modern birds, and all of its other descendants.<ref name="Chiappe&Calvo1994">{{cite journal | last1 = Chiappe | first1 = Luis | last2 = Calvo | first2 = J.O. | year = 1994 | title = ''Nequenornis volans'', a new Late Cretaceous bird (Enantiornithes:Avisauridae) from Patagonia, Argentina | url = | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 14 | issue = 2| pages = 230–246 | doi=10.1080/02724634.1994.10011554}}</ref> In 1998, [[Paul Sereno]] defined Ornithothoraces in the same way, but used ''[[Sinornis|Sinornis santensis]]'' instead of ''Iberomesornis romerali''.<ref name="Sereno1998">{{cite journal | last1 = Sereno | first1 = Paul | year = 1998 | title = A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria | url = | journal = Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie | volume = 210 | issue = | pages = 41–83 | doi = 10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41 }}</ref>


The cladogram below follows the results of a phylogenetic analysis by Wang ''et al.'', 2016:<ref name=wangetal2016>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Min |last2=Wang |first2=Xiaoli |last3=Wang |first3=Yan |last4=Zhou |first4=Zhonghe |title=A new basal bird from China with implications for morphological diversity in early birds |journal=Scientific Reports |date=25 January 2016 |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/srep19700 }}</ref>
The cladogram below follows the results of a phylogenetic analysis by Wang ''et al.'', 2016:<ref name=wangetal2016>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Min |last2=Wang |first2=Xiaoli |last3=Wang |first3=Yan |last4=Zhou |first4=Zhonghe |title=A new basal bird from China with implications for morphological diversity in early birds |journal=Scientific Reports |date=25 January 2016 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=19700 |doi=10.1038/srep19700 |pmid=26806355 |pmc=4726217 |bibcode=2016NatSR...619700W }}</ref>


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{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%

Revision as of 15:23, 29 March 2020

Ornithothoraces is a group of avialans that includes all enantiornithes ("opposite birds") and the euornithes ("true birds"), which includes modern birds and their closest ancestors. The name Ornithothoraces means "bird thoraxes". This refers to the modern, highly advanced anatomy of the thorax that gave the ornithothoracines superior flight capability compared with more primitive avialans. This anatomy includes a large, keeled breastbone, elongated coracoids and a modified glenoid joint in the shoulder, and a semi-rigid rib cage. In spite of this at least the sternum seems to have developed convergently rather than being a true homology.[1]

The earliest known members of the group are the enantiornitheans Protopteryx fengningensis, Eopengornis martini, and Cruralispennia multidonta, as well as the euornithine Archaeornithura meemannae, all from the Sichakou Member of the Huajiying Formation in China, which has been dated to 130.7 million years old.[2] At least one other enantiornithean, Noguerornis gonzalezi, may be even older, at up to 145.5 million years ago, though its exact age is uncertain.[3]

Classification

In 1994, Chiappe and Calvo established a phylogenetic definition of the group. They defend Ornithothoraces as a node-based clade, the common ancestor of Iberomesornis romerali and modern birds, and all of its other descendants.[4] In 1998, Paul Sereno defined Ornithothoraces in the same way, but used Sinornis santensis instead of Iberomesornis romerali.[5]

The cladogram below follows the results of a phylogenetic analysis by Wang et al., 2016:[6]

Ornithothoraces

References

  1. ^ Zheng, Xiaoting; Wang, Xiaoli; O'Connor, Jingmai; Zhou, Zhonghe (9 October 2012). "Insight into the early evolution of the avian sternum from juvenile enantiornithines". Nature Communications. 3 (1): 1116. Bibcode:2012NatCo...3.1116Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms2104. PMID 23047674.
  2. ^ Wang, M.; Zheng, X.; o’Connor, J. K.; Lloyd, G. T.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhou, Z. (2015). "The oldest record of ornithuromorpha from the early cretaceous of China". Nature Communications. 6: 6987. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.6987W. doi:10.1038/ncomms7987. PMC 5426517. PMID 25942493.
  3. ^ Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2012) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Winter 2011 Appendix.
  4. ^ Chiappe, Luis; Calvo, J.O. (1994). "Nequenornis volans, a new Late Cretaceous bird (Enantiornithes:Avisauridae) from Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14 (2): 230–246. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011554.
  5. ^ Sereno, Paul (1998). "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. 210: 41–83. doi:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41.
  6. ^ Wang, Min; Wang, Xiaoli; Wang, Yan; Zhou, Zhonghe (25 January 2016). "A new basal bird from China with implications for morphological diversity in early birds". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 19700. Bibcode:2016NatSR...619700W. doi:10.1038/srep19700. PMC 4726217. PMID 26806355.
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