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Austronesian dialect cluster of Southeast Asia
For the unrelated "Kayan" language spoken by the Kayan people of Burma, see Padaung language.
Kayan (Kajan, Kayan proper) is a dialect cluster spoken by the Kayan people of Borneo. It is a cluster of closely related dialects with limited mutual intelligibility, and is itself part of the Kayan-Murik group of Austronesian languages.
Baram Kayan is a local trade language.[further explanation needed] Bahau is part of the dialect cluster, but is not ethnically Kayan.
Internal classification
Glottolog v4.8 classifies the Kayan dialect cluster as follows:
Kayan |
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Phonology
The following is based on the Baram dialect:
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
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Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | (tʃ) | k | ʔ |
tense | tː | kː | ||||
voiced | b | d | dʒ | g | ||
Fricative | β | s | (ʃ) | h | ||
Tap/Trill | r | |||||
Lateral | l | |||||
Approximant | w | j |
- /r/ can be heard as either a tap [ɾ] or a trill [r] in free variation.
- /k/ can be heard as [x] when in free fluctuation with [k] in word-medial position.
- /ɲ, ŋ/ can be realized as more fronted [ɲ̟, ŋ̟] when preceding high vocoids.
- /dʒ/ may also be heard as a palatalized stop [dʲ] in free fluctuation.
- /s/ may also be heard as [ʃ] in free variation, and may also fluctuate to a stop sound [tʃ].
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | ɛ | ə | ɔ |
Open | a |
- Length [Vː] is said to occur in free variation or in word-final position.
- /i/ can be heard as [ɪ] in initial or medial positions, or in free variation with [i].
- /ə/ can also be heard as [ɘ] in word-medial position.
- /a/ can be heard as [ɐ] before a medial or final /ʔ/ or /h/.
- /ɔ/ can be heard as [o] when before a /ʔ/ or /h/, or in fluctuation with [ɔ].[2]
External links
- ^ Kayan Mahakam at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Baram Kayan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Busang Kayan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Kayan River Kayan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Mendalam Kayan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Rejang Kayan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box) - ^ Cubit, L. E. (1964). Kayan phonemics. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 120. pp. 409–423.
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Natives & Indigenous |
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Significant minority |
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Signs |
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Categories
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Annuals36
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Bulbs, Corms & Tubers41
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Ferns27
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Fruits3
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Garden Plants23
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Grasses26
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Herb17
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Insects1
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Mammals1
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Midwest Native Plants0
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Northeast Native Plants112
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Perennials123
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Rose1
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Shrubs47
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Trees112
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Tropical Plants53
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Upland Birds5
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Vines18
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Viola Tricolor1
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Water Gardening & Plants9
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Waterfowl0
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Wetland Birds0
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Wetland Plants4
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Wildbirds172
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Wildflowers1
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Woodland Plants29
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