Christmas Fern – Polystichum acrostichoides

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A quinoxaline, also called a benzopyrazine, in organic chemistry, is a heterocyclic compound containing a ring complex made up of a benzene ring and a pyrazine ring. It is isomeric with other naphthyridines including quinazoline, phthalazine and cinnoline.[3] It is a colorless oil that melts just above room temperature. Although quinoxaline itself is mainly of academic interest, quinoxaline derivatives are used as dyes, pharmaceuticals (such as varenicline), and antibiotics such as olaquindox, carbadox, echinomycin, levomycin and actinoleutin.

Synthesis

They can be formed by condensing ortho-diamines with 1,2-diketones. The parent substance of the group, quinoxaline, results when glyoxal is condensed with 1,2-diaminobenzene.[4] Substituted derivatives arise when α-ketonic acids, α-chlorketones, α-aldehyde alcohols and α-ketone alcohols are used in place of diketones.[3] Quinoxaline and its analogues may also be formed by reduction of amino acids substituted 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DFDNB):[5]

One study[6] used 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) as a catalyst in the reaction of benzil with 1,2-diaminobenzene:

Quinoxaline Synthesis
Quinoxaline Synthesis

Uses

The antitumoral properties of quinoxaline compounds have been of interest.[7] Recently, quinoxaline and its analogs have been investigated as ligands.[8]

References

  1. ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2014). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry: IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. The Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 212. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 978-0-85404-182-4.
  2. ^ Brown, H.C.; et al. (1955). Baude, E.A.; Nachod, F.C. (eds.). Determination of Organic Structures by Physical Methods. New York: Academic Press.
  3. ^ a b  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Quinoxalines". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 760.
  4. ^ 2,3-Pyrazinedicarboxylic Acid" Reuben G. Jones and Keith C. McLaughlin Org. Synth. 1950, 30, 86. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.030.0086. This paper describes the preparation of quinoxaline as an intermediate.
  5. ^ Xiang-Hong Wu; Gang Liu; et al. (2004). "Solution-phase reductive cyclization of 2-quinoxalinol analogs: Systematic study of parallel synthesis". Mol. Divers. 8 (2): 165–174. doi:10.1023/B:MODI.0000025639.89179.60. PMID 15209169. S2CID 28252647.
  6. ^ Heravi, Majid M. (2006). "Facile synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives using o-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) at room temperature". Arkivoc. 2006 (16): 16–22. doi:10.3998/ark.5550190.0007.g02. hdl:2027/spo.5550190.0007.g02.
  7. ^ Jean Renault; Michel Baron; Patrick Mailliet; et al. (1981). "Heterocyclic quinones.2.Quinoxaline-5,6-(and 5-8)-diones-Potential antitumoral agents". Eur. J. Med. Chem. 16 (6): 545–550.
  8. ^ Xianghong Wu; Anne E. V. Gorden (2007). "Regioselective Synthesis of Asymmetrically Substituted 2-Quinoxalinol Salen Ligands". J. Org. Chem. 72 (23): 8691–8699. doi:10.1021/jo701395w. PMID 17939720.
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