Christmas Fern – Polystichum acrostichoides

Caldera, Inc. was a Canopy-funded software company founded in October 1994^[1] and incorporated on 25 January 1995^[2] by former Novell employees Bryan Wayne Sparks, Ransom H. Love and others to develop the Caldera Network Desktop (CND) and later create a Linux distribution named OpenLinux (COL). The company was originally based in Provo and later in Orem, Utah, USA.

Their first product in 1995 was Caldera Network Desktop, which was based on Red Hat Linux^[3]^[4] and Novell's Corsair Internet Desktop. It also included LISA (Linux Installation and System Administration),^[4] which had been developed by the German Linux Support Team (LST) for their own Linux distribution.^[5]

The newer OpenLinux distribution was based on LST Power Linux, a Slackware-derived distribution that had been maintained by LST since 1993^[6] and the first to come with a Linux 2.0 kernel.^[5]

Looking for a DOS operating system to bundle with their OpenLinux distribution,^[1] Caldera, backed up by The Canopy Group as their largest investor, acquired Novell DOS 7 and other Digital Research assets from Novell on 23 July 1996.^[7]^[8] The deal consisted of a direct payment of US$400000 as well as percentual royalties for any revenues derived from DR-DOS to Novell.^[9] Caldera filed the Caldera v. Microsoft antitrust lawsuit the same day.^[10] This lawsuit related to Caldera's claims of monopolization, illegal tying, exclusive dealing, and tortious interference by Microsoft. An example was that certain beta versions of Windows 3.1 produced technically groundless "non-fatal" fake error messages when installing and running them on DR DOS 6.0 due to a check known as AARD code in order to create fear, uncertainty and doubt (FUD) and destroy DR DOS' reputation.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16] Another example was bundling and artificially tying MS-DOS 7 and Windows 4 into a single product (Windows 95) in order to eliminate competition. Caldera later demonstrated that it would have been beneficial for DOS and Windows users to have a choice between MS-DOS and DR-DOS feature-wise, and that it was technically possible to run Windows 4 on DR-DOS 7 simply by faking some new, unnecessarily complex but functionally non-essential internal interfaces through WinGlue.^[10]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22] See Microsoft litigation#Caldera v Microsoft.

Since Digital Research's CP/M and MP/M had no commercial value for Caldera, they offered various binaries and sources for download on their site and allowed the redistribution and modification of more collected CP/M files through Tim Olmstead's independent "The Unofficial CP/M Web site" since 1997, for as long as they did not contain any DOS technology.^[23]^[24]^[25]

Caldera, Inc. supported the Linux-port of Star Division's StarOffice 3.1 with ca. DM 800000 in order to offer the product with their OpenLinux distribution in 1997.^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]

While active, Caldera, Inc. created a number of subsidiaries:

Subsidiaries

Caldera UK

Under the direction of Roger Alan Gross as General Manager of Caldera's Digital Research Systems Group (DSG) the UK-based development center Caldera UK Ltd. (51°12′19″N 1°28′44″W / 51.20531°N 1.478786°W / 51.20531; -1.478786) was incorporated on 20 September 1996^[30] to continue the development of the DR-DOS operating system in a converted barn (51°11′18″N 1°29′15″W / 51.188306°N 1.487498°W / 51.188306; -1.487498) at the periphery of Andover, Hampshire, UK. Caldera UK developed various DOS-based products including OpenDOS 7.01 (COD), DR-DOS 7.02, DR-DOS 7.03 and DR-WebSpyder.^[31]

Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. closed the Caldera UK Ltd. development office in February 1999 soon after the release of DR-DOS 7.03, thereby effectively stopping any DOS development.

Caldera Deutschland

Caldera, Inc. incorporated the German Linux Support Team's (LST) configuration manager LISA into Caldera's Network Desktop in 1995.^[4]

In 1996 Linux Support Team grew into Stefan Probst's and Ralf Flaxa's company LST Software GmbH (with LST now standing for Linux System Technology^[6]) in Erlangen, Germany. This led to a collaboration with Caldera to develop OpenLinux.

LST Software became Caldera's German development center Caldera Deutschland GmbH for Linux-based technologies since May 1997.^[5]^[6]

Caldera Deutschland continued to develop Linux system software for Caldera's Linux-branch until it was closed at the end of 2001 by its US-based mother-house.^[6]^[29]

Caldera Taiwan

On 1 June 1998, Caldera, Inc. opened a sales office for its DOS-based products in Taipei, Taiwan, run by Irrana and Henry Huang.^[32]

Caldera, Caldera Systems and Caldera Thin Clients

On 2 September 1998, Caldera, Inc. announced the creation of two Utah-based wholly owned subsidiaries, Caldera Systems, Inc. and Caldera Thin Clients, Inc., in order to split up tasks and directions.^[33]

Under Sparks' lead, the shell company Caldera, Inc. remained responsible for the Caldera v. Microsoft lawsuit. Microsoft lawyers tried repeatedly to have the case dismissed but without success. On 7 January 2000, immediately after the completion of the pre-trial deposition stage (where the parties list the evidence they intend to present), Microsoft settled out-of-court for an undisclosed sum,^[34]^[35] which in 2009 was revealed to be US$280000000.^[36]^[37]^[38]^[35] Caldera, Inc. ceased to exist soon after.^[39]

Caldera Systems, Caldera Holdings, Caldera International, Caldera K.K., and The SCO Group

Caldera Systems, Inc. (CSI), headed by Love as president and CEO since its incorporation in Orem, Utah, on 21 August 1998,^[40] targeted the Linux-based software business including OpenLinux, with Caldera Deutschland as their German Linux development center. The company reincorporated in Delaware on 2 March 2000^[41] and completed an IPO of its common stock as CALD. On the first day of trading Caldera's shares doubled in value, briefly touching US$33, and by the end of the first day the company had a market capitalisation of US$1100000000. However, at a time when technology IPOs were attracting extremely high valuations, Caldera Systems's performance was generally perceived as a disappointment.^[42]^[43]

Late Caldera Systems logo

The company reorganized in August 2000 and became Caldera International, Inc. (CII) in March 2001.

In May 2001, Caldera International, with investments of Fujitsu and Hitachi, opened the Caldera K.K. (カルデラ株式会社) subsidiary, directed by Makoto Asoh, in Tokyo, Japan.^[44]

In August 2002, Caldera International renamed itself into The SCO Group, Inc. under the lead of Darl McBride.

Caldera UK, Caldera Thin Clients, Lineo, and Embedix

Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. (CTC), incorporated in August 1998 and originally led by Gross as president and CEO,^[33] instead developed DOS- and Linux-based thin clients and solutions for embedded systems. Originally located in Orem^[33] and later in Lindon, it was meant to become the US-based "parent" company for Caldera UK Ltd. When Gross resigned and Caldera UK Ltd. was disbanded in February 1999, and when the attempt to relocate the DR-DOS development into the US failed,^[45]^[46] Caldera Thin Clients, under the new lead of Sparks, soon refocused on Linux.^[47]^[48]^[49]

In April 1999, Caldera Thin Clients released the no longer needed sources to GEM and ViewMAX under the GNU General Public License (GPL).^[50]

On 20 July 1999, Caldera Thin Clients was renamed into Lineo, Inc.^[47]^[48]^[49] Lineo licensed a stripped down OpenLinux distribution from Caldera Systems and named it Embedix.^[49] They continued to maintain the former Caldera Thin Clients sales office in Taipei in 1999. In January 2000, Lineo reincorporated in Delaware.

In October 2001, Lineo refreshed and expanded the free CP/M redistribution license after Olmstead's death.^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]

By July 2002, the company had reformed as Embedix, Inc.^[55] under the lead of Matthew R. Harris, formerly a Summit Law attorney for Caldera, Inc. Embedix ceased to exist later that year. Some DR-DOS assets fell to the Canopy Group and were acquired by DRDOS, Inc. aka DeviceLogics in 2002. Key parts of the Linux-based Embedix assets were acquired by Motorola's Metrowerks on 17 December 2002.^[56]^[57]^[58]

Caldera Graphics

Totally unrelated to the above-mentioned US-based Caldera companies, there is also a French software company named Caldera, specialized in imaging software for wide format digital printing. In order to better distinguish it from the US-based companies, the French company was also referred to under the name Caldera Graphics SAS for several years. Created in 1991, it has since got back its Caldera trademark from the SCO Group, as well as the caldera.com website since 2010. This French company produces RIP software as well as other solutions dedicated to digital printers and to the Digital Printing industry. The company was taken over by Dover in 2017.^[59]

References

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^ ^a ^b "Caldera, Inc". OpenCorporates. Archived from the original on 2022-01-27. Retrieved 2022-01-15. Caldera, Inc. […] Company Number 1222412-0142 […] Incorporation Date 25 January 1995 […] Dissolution Date 29 April 2002 […] Registered Address 240 W CENTER ST Orem, UT 84057 United States
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^ Paul, Matthias R. (2002-07-25). "Will Windows 3.1 work with DR-DOS 7.03?". Newsgroup: alt.os.free-dos. Archived from the original on 2019-11-23. Retrieved 2018-05-09. […] DR-DOS 7.03 is compatible with Windows and Windows for groups up to 3.xx (and internal versions of DR-DOS even with Windows 4.xx aka Windows 95/98/SE […]
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^ "Produkt-Telegramme: Star Office 3.1 für Linux portiert". Computerwoche (in German). Computerwoche Verlag GmbH. 1997-05-16. ISSN 0170-5121. ZDB-ID 519907-4. Archived from the original on 2018-08-06. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
^ Strobl, Rudolf (January 2003). "Der Gründer über Gestern, Heute und Linux". Linux Magazin (in German). Vol. 2003, no. 1. Linux New Media AG [de]. ISSN 1432-640X. 100. Archived from the original on 2018-08-08. Retrieved 2018-08-08.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ ^a ^b Bantle, Ulrich (October 2017). "Linux-Distributionen und frühe Protagonisten aus Deutschland". Linux Magazin (in German). Vol. 2017, no. 10. Computec Media GmbH. ISSN 1432-640X. Archived from the original on 2018-08-05. Retrieved 2018-08-05.
^ "Basic information about company "Caldera (UK) Limited"". Company Data Rex. 2001-07-01. Company Number 03252883. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
^ "Caldera DR-WebSpyder Graphical DOS Web Browser - A fully customizable, low system requirement Internet Browser for Information Kiosks, Network Computers, Internet Set-top Boxes, Compact embedded devices with display" (PDF) (Product broschure). Caldera, Inc., Caldera DR-DOS Division. 1998. 3-DRW03EZXXZ-WEBS. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-08. Retrieved 2020-02-08. [9][10] (4 pages)
^ "Caldera establishes Office in Taiwan in response to the embedded market's demand for DR-DOS". Orem, UT, USA; Taipei, Taiwan. PR Newswire. 1998-06-01. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2011-09-04. [11]
^ ^a ^b ^c Caldera (1998-09-02). "Caldera Creates Two Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries" (Press release). Orem, UT, USA. PR Newswire. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
^ Lea, Graham (2000-01-13). "Caldera vs Microsoft - the settlement". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24 – via bbc.co.uk.
^ ^a ^b Gomes, Lee (2000-01-11). "Microsoft Will Pay $275 Million To Settle Lawsuit From Caldera". The Wall Street Journal (English print ed.). Dow Jones & Company, Inc. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2016-12-31. Retrieved 2019-11-24. Microsoft Corp. agreed to pay an estimated $275 million to settle an antitrust lawsuit by Caldera Inc., heading off a trial that was likely to air nasty allegations from a decade ago. […] Microsoft and Caldera, a small Salt Lake City software company that brought the suit in 1996, didn't disclose terms of the settlement. Microsoft, though, said it would take a charge of three cents a share for the agreement in the fiscal third quarter ending March 31 […] the company has roughly 5.5 billion shares outstanding […]
^ Jones, Pamela (2009-11-23). "Exhibits to Microsoft's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment in Novell WordPerfect Case". Groklaw. Archived from the original on 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2011-10-22. […] exhibits attached to Microsoft's Memorandum of Law in support of Microsoft's cross motion for summary judgment in the Novell v. Microsoft antitrust litigation. We finally find out what Microsoft paid Caldera to settle the DrDOS litigation back in 2000: $280 million. We even get to read the settlement agreement. It's attached as an exhibit. […] The settlement terms were sealed for all these years, but […] now that mystery is solved. […] We also find out what Caldera/Canopy then paid Novell from that $280 million: $35.5 million at first, and then after Novell successfully sued Canopy in 2004, Caldera's successor-in-interest on this matter, an additional $17.7 million, according to page 16 of the Memorandum. Microsoft claims that Novell is not the real party in interest in this antitrust case, and so it can't sue Microsoft for the claims it has lodged against it, because, Microsoft says, Novell sold its antitrust claims to Caldera when it sold it DrDOS. So the exhibits are trying to demonstrate that Novell got paid in full, so to speak, via that earlier litigation. As a result, we get to read a number of documents from the Novell v. Canopy litigation. Novell responds it retained its antitrust claims in the applications market. […]
^ Burt, Thomas W.; Sparks, Bryan Wayne (2000-01-07). "Settlement agreement - Microsoft Corporation and Caldera, Inc. reach agreement to settle antitrust lawsuit" (PDF) (Faxed court document). Case 1:05-cv-01087-JFM, Document 104-8, Filed 2009-11-13; NOV00107061-NOV00107071; LT2288-LT2298; Lan12S311263739.1; Exhibit A. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-04. Retrieved 2018-08-03. […] Microsoft will pay to Caldera, by wire transfer in accordance with written instructions provided by Caldera, the amount of two hundred eighty million dollars ($280,000,000), as full settlement of all claims or potential claims covered by this agreement […] (NB. This document of the Caldera v. Microsoft case was an exhibit in the Novell v. Microsoft and Comes v. Microsoft cases.)
^ Wallis, Richard J.; Aeschbacher, Steven J.; Bettilyon, Mark M.; Webb, Jr., G. Stewar; Tulchin, David B.; Holley, Steven L. (2009-11-13). "Microsoft's memorandum in opposition to Novell's renewed motion for summary judgement on Microsoft's affirmative defenses and in support of Microsoft's cross-motion for summary judgement" (PDF) (Court document). United States District Court, District of Maryland. p. 16. Novell, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation, Civil Action No. JFM-05-1087. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2018-08-03. […] Microsoft paid $280 million to Caldera to settle the case, and $35.5 million of the settlement proceeds were provided by Caldera to Novell as a so-called "royalty." […] Dissatisfied with that amount, Novell filed suit in June 2000 against Caldera (succeeded by The Canopy Group), alleging that Novell was entitled to even more. […] Novell ultimately prevailed, adding $17.7 million to its share of the monies paid by Microsoft to Caldera, for a total of more than $53 million […]
^ Collins, Lois M.; Nii, Jenifer (2000-01-16). "Settlement fuels Caldera 'family' - Orem company is 'settling up' with spinoffs thriving". Deseret News. Archived from the original on 2019-11-30. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
^ Jones, Pamela (2004-02-29). "Caldera, Inc./Caldera Systems, Inc. 1998 Asset Purchase and Sale Agreement". Groklaw. Archived from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
^ "Certificate of Incorporation of Caldera Systems, Inc." FindLaw. 2000-03-02. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
^ Shankland, Stephen (2002-01-02). "Caldera Systems CEO happy with $1 billion market cap". CNet. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
^ Beale, Matthew (2000-03-22). "Caldera IPO Marks First Linux Disappointment". ECommerce Times. ECT News Network, Inc. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
^ Business Editors/High-Tech Writers (2001-05-31). "Caldera Establishes Japanese Subsidiary -- Caldera K.K. -- With support from Fujitsu and Hitachi". Orem, UT, USA: Business Wire. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03. Retrieved 2011-09-04.
^ Lea, Graham (1999-04-27). "Caldera closes UK thin client development unit - Development being moved over to Utah". The Register. Situation Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
^ Lea, Graham (1999-04-21). "Caldera unveils simple install Linux system - No expertise claimed to be needed for OpenLinux 2.2". The Register. Situation Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
^ ^a ^b Caldera, Inc. (1999-07-20). "Embedded Linux moved to top priority at Lineo, Inc. formerly known as Caldera Thin Clients, Inc." (Press release). Lindon, UT, USA. Archived from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
^ ^a ^b Smith, Tony (1999-07-20). "Caldera Thin Clients renamed to focus on embedded Linux - Lineo, Lineo -- wherefore art thou, Lineo?". The Register. Situation Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ball, Lyle (1999-10-01) [1999-08-04]. Richardson, Marjorie "Margie" (ed.). "Interview: Lyle Ball, Lineo". Linux Journal. No. 66. Specialized System Consultants, Inc. (SSC). ISSN 1075-3583. Archived from the original on 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2019-06-01. […] We […] have very deep experience with embedding DR DOS, and we've been making millions from that. So we are in a unique position: we are not a startup and we have funding. Our DOS product paid for all our R&D on embedded Linux. […] we are […] evolving our focus from an embedded DOS-only company to an embedded Linux company. […] We are not killing our DOS product immediately […] However, there has been an increasing demand for embedded Linux. So we are shifting our focus and renaming the company to match our longer-term revenue stream, which will be Linux-based […] as the market has requested us to do […] We will keep selling both technologies during the transition. […] [12] Archived 2020-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
^ Jemmett, Ben A. L. (April 1999). "Caldera releases GEM under the GPL". Deltasoft - GEM News. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. released the source code for GEM and ViewMAX under the GNU Public License in mid April, following years of speculation over GEM's future. Caldera bought the GEM sources from Novell along with the DR-DOS in 1996, at the time noting that they may develop GEM into a platform for mobile computers and thin clients. However, these plans were dropped, and GEM was instead released into the open-source community.
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^ Chaudry, Gabriele "Gaby" (ed.). "The Unofficial CP/M Web Site". Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
^ Gasperson, Tina (2001-11-26). "CP/M collection is back online with an Open Source licence - Walk down memory lane". The Register. Situation Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2001-11-26.
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^ "Dover acquires Caldera Graphics". Downers Grove, IL, USA: Dover Corporation. 1999-04-06 [1997-04-05]. Archived from the original on 2018-08-26. Retrieved 2018-08-26.

External links

Caldera, Inc. (archived web site caldera.com from 1996-10-18 to 1999-04-30)
Caldera UK Ltd. (archived web site caldera.co.uk from 1997-12-21 to 1999-10-12)
Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. (archived web site calderathin.com from 1999-01-17 to 1999-11-05) and Lineo, Inc. (archived web site calderathin.com from 1999-10-12 to 1999-11-05, lineo.com from 2000-05-10 to 2003-03-20 and embedix.com from 2002-06-03 to 2003-02-20)
Caldera Systems, Inc. (archived web site calderasystems.com from 1999-01-17 to 2001-04-05 and caldera.com from 2000-02-29 to 2000-12-17), Caldera Holdings (archived web site caldera.com from 2001-01-18 to 2001-03-02), Caldera International, Inc. (archived web site caldera.com from 2001-03-30 to 2002-08-25) and The SCO Group (archived web site caldera.com from 2002-09-14 to 2004-09-01 and sco.com from 2001-05-08)
LST Software GmbH (archived web site lst.de from 1997-01-11 to 1997-12-11), Caldera Deutschland GmbH (archived web site lst.de from 1998-12-01 to 2000-01-02 and caldera.de from 2000-04-13 to 2001) and LST - Verein zur Förderung freier Software (archived web site lst.de from 2001-03-31)
Caldera Graphics (archived web site caldera.fr from 1996-12-23 to 2007-03-04, caldera.eu from 2007-03-27 to 2011-06-14 and caldera.com from 2011-07-17 to 2012-01-07 and from 2012-05-02)

[Caldera_1996_OpenSource-1] Ball, Lyle; Pomeroy, Nancy, eds. (1996-09-10). "Caldera announces open source code model for DOS - DR DOS + the Internet = Caldera OpenDOS". Provo, UT, USA: Caldera, Inc. Archived from the original on 1996-10-18. Retrieved 2019-06-20.

[OC_2022-2] "Caldera, Inc". OpenCorporates. Archived from the original on 2022-01-27. Retrieved 2022-01-15. Caldera, Inc. […] Company Number 1222412-0142 […] Incorporation Date 25 January 1995 […] Dissolution Date 29 April 2002 […] Registered Address 240 W CENTER ST Orem, UT 84057 United States

[Petreley_1996_Caldera-3] Petreley, Nicholas (1996-02-19). "Down to the Wire - Hot Caldera rates a look as an Internet service, maybe even for desktops". InfoWorld. 18 (8). InfoWorld Publishing Inc.: 108. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on 2019-11-23. Retrieved 2017-06-25.

[Hughes_1996_CND-4] Hughes, Phil (1996-06-01). "Caldera Network Desktop 1.0". Linux Journal. No. 26. Specialized System Consultants, Inc. (SSC). ISSN 1075-3583. Archived from the original on 2018-08-05. Retrieved 2018-08-05. [1]

[LST_1997-5] "LST Software GmbH Merges With Caldera Inc. - Critically acclaimed European Linux developers strengthen Caldera's Commitment". Linux Kongress, Würzburg, Germany. PR Newswire. 1997-05-23. Archived from the original on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2011-09-04.

[LST_2003-6] "Historie" (in German). LST - Verein zur Förderung freier Software e.V. 2018 [2001]. Archived from the original on 2018-08-04. Retrieved 2018-08-04.

[Caldera_1996_Suit-7] "Software Developer Caldera sues Microsoft for Antitrust practices alleges monopolistic acts shut its DR DOS operating system out of market". Salt Lake City, UT, USA: Caldera News. 1996-07-24. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24.

[Leon_1996_Caldera-8] Leon, Mark (1996-07-29). "Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Antitrust suit against Microsoft". InfoWorld. News. Vol. 18, no. 31. InfoWorld Publishing Co. p. 3. ISSN 0199-6649. Archived from the original on 2020-02-08. Retrieved 2020-02-08. [2]; Leon, Mark (1996-07-29). "Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Microsoft's response: lawsuit is 'ironic and sad'". Computerworld New Zealand. IDG Communications. ISSN 0113-1494. CMPWNZ. Archived from the original on 2018-08-23. Retrieved 2018-02-13.

[Jones_2004-9] Jones, Pamela (2004-05-12). "Now It's Novell v. Canopy". Groklaw. Archived from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2017-05-25.

[Caldera_Fullstory_Tech-10] Susman, Stephen Daily; Eskridge III, Charles R.; Susman, Harry P.; Southwick, James T.; Folse III, Parker C.; Borchers, Timothy K.; Palumbo, Ralph H.; Harris, Matthew R.; Engel, Lynn M.; McCune, Philip S.; Locker, Lawrence C.; Wheeler, Max D.; Hill, Stephen J.; Tibbitts, Ryan E. (May 1999). "In the United States District Court - District of Utah, Central Division - Caldera, Inc. vs. Microsoft Corporation - Case No. 2:96CV 0645B - Caldera, Inc.'s Memorandum in opposition to defendant's motion for partial Summary Judgment on plaintiff's "Technological Tying" claim" (Court document). Caldera, Inc. Archived from the original on 2018-08-05. Retrieved 2018-08-05.

[Schulman_1993_AARD-11] Schulman, Andrew (September 1993). "Examining the Windows AARD Detection Code - A serious message--and the code that produced it". Dr. Dobb's Journal. Vol. 18, no. 9. Miller Freeman, Inc. pp. 42, 44–48, 89. #204. Archived from the original on 2005-12-10. Retrieved 2013-10-05.

[Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS-12] Schulman, Andrew; Brown, Ralf D.; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) [November 1993]. Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 (2 ed.). Addison Wesley. p. 11. ISBN 0-201-63287-X. (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5-inch floppy) Errata: [3][4]

[Caldera_1999_FactRel-13] Ball, Lyle, ed. (1999-04-28). "Caldera submits evidence to counter Microsoft's motions for partial summary judgment" (Press release). Caldera, Inc. Archived from the original on 2018-08-05. Retrieved 2018-08-05.

[Caldera_1999_Statement_of_facts-14] Susman, Stephen Daily; Eskridge III, Charles R.; Southwick, James T.; Susman, Harry P.; Folse III, Parker C.; Palumbo, Ralph H.; Harris, Matthew R.; McCune, Philip S.; Engel, Lynn M.; Hill, Stephen J.; Tibbitts, Ryan E. (April 1999). "In the United States District Court - District of Utah, Central Division - Caldera, Inc. vs. Microsoft Corporation - Consolidated statement of facts in support of its responses to motions for summary judgement by Microsoft Corporation - Case No. 2:96CV 0645B" (Court document). Caldera, Inc. Archived from the original on 2018-08-05. Retrieved 2018-08-05.

[TLJ-15] Wheeler, Max D.; Hill, Stephen J.; Tibbitts, Ryan E.; Susman, Stephen Daily; Eskridge III, Charles R.; Paterson, Thomas W.; Dow, Stuart J.; Palumbo, Ralph H.; Folse III, Parker C.; Borchers, Timothy K. "In the United States District Court - District of Utah, Central Division - Caldera, Inc. vs. Microsoft Corporation - Case No. 2:96CV 0645B - First amended complaint and jury demand". Tech Law Journal (Court document). Archived from the original on 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2016-11-25.

[Egbert_1998-16] Meyer, Egbert (1998-08-27). "Microsoft: Vorgetäuschter Bug legte DR-DOS lahm". Heise Online (in German). Verlag Heinz Heise. Archived from the original on 2018-07-14. Retrieved 2018-07-14. [5]

[Cebit_1998_Winglue-17] Lea, Graham (1998-03-23). "Cebit: Caldera shows Windows on DR-DOS, denying MS claims". CeBIT news. Hanover, Germany. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2009-06-01.

[Romano_1998_Winbolt-18] Romano, Mike (1998-09-16). "The mouse that roared. Forget the feds. It's up to an obscure Utah company to prove what we already know: that Microsoft is a monopoly". Seattle Weekly. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24. Furthermore, Caldera claims that Microsoft's flagship product, Windows 95, is nothing more than an "artificial tie" between its MS-DOS operating system and Windows graphic interface with no business justification other than to keep competing underlying operating systems—like Caldera's DR-DOS—off the market. To prove its point, Caldera will soon release a piece of demonstration software called "WinBolt," which, it says, will allow users to install the Windows 95 interface atop DR-DOS. The demo will show, Caldera says, that there is no significant technological advancement, or justified business efficiency, to the combination of MS-DOS with Windows in Windows 95.

[Lea_1998_Satellite-19] Lea, Graham (1998-09-28). "Caldera's DR gets OnSatellite of love - Service to offer voice, email and smartie cards". The Register. Situation Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2018-02-13.

[Graham_1999_Win95-20] Lea, Graham (1999-11-05). "Win95 – is it just Dos 7 plus Windows 4 after all? The judge thinks it could be…". The Register. Situation Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 2016-11-25. Retrieved 2016-11-25.

[Paul_2002_RMD-21] Paul, Matthias R. (2002-04-10). "[fd-dev] HMA access from TSR". freedos-dev. Archived from the original on 2017-09-09. Retrieved 2017-09-09. […] MS-DOS 7.0+ […] introduced a […] for the most part undocumented RMD data structure usually located in the HMA. The kernel collects and records configuration and Real Mode Driver data during boot (type of driver, interrupts hooked by driver, CONFIG.SYS line of invocation, etc.) and stores this information in a […] complicated […] growing data structure. Presumably […] meant to be used by the Windows core to get a better picture of the loaded Real Mode drivers […] or even attempt to unhook or unload some of them, […] it is only used to a very limited extent ([…] some of the info reflected in the log files created on […] startup, and some parts of the […] configuration manager also make use of it), […] leaving room […] beyond the technical side […] because nothing of the interesting stuff is documented […]

[Paul_2002_W4-22] Paul, Matthias R. (2002-07-25). "Will Windows 3.1 work with DR-DOS 7.03?". Newsgroup: alt.os.free-dos. Archived from the original on 2019-11-23. Retrieved 2018-05-09. […] DR-DOS 7.03 is compatible with Windows and Windows for groups up to 3.xx (and internal versions of DR-DOS even with Windows 4.xx aka Windows 95/98/SE […]

[Olmstead_1997_1-23] Olmstead, Tim (1997-08-10). "CP/M Web site needs a host". Newsgroup: comp.os.cpm. Archived from the original on 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2018-09-09.

[Olmstead_1997_2-24] Olmstead, Tim (1997-08-29). "ANNOUNCE: Caldera CP/M site is now up". Newsgroup: comp.os.cpm. Archived from the original on 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2018-09-09. [6]

[Caldera_1997_CP/M-25] "License Agreement". Caldera, Inc. 1997-08-28. Archived from the original on 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2018-09-09. [7]^{[permanent dead link]} [8]^{[permanent dead link]}

[Brors_1997-26] Brors, Dieter (1997-02-20). "Caldera OpenLinux und StarOffice im Bundle". Heise Online (in German). Verlag Heinz Heise. Archived from the original on 2018-08-08. Retrieved 2018-08-08.

[CW_1997-27] "Produkt-Telegramme: Star Office 3.1 für Linux portiert". Computerwoche (in German). Computerwoche Verlag GmbH. 1997-05-16. ISSN 0170-5121. ZDB-ID 519907-4. Archived from the original on 2018-08-06. Retrieved 2018-08-08.

[Strobl_2003-28] Strobl, Rudolf (January 2003). "Der Gründer über Gestern, Heute und Linux". Linux Magazin (in German). Vol. 2003, no. 1. Linux New Media AG [de]. ISSN 1432-640X. 100. Archived from the original on 2018-08-08. Retrieved 2018-08-08.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[Bantle_2017-29] Bantle, Ulrich (October 2017). "Linux-Distributionen und frühe Protagonisten aus Deutschland". Linux Magazin (in German). Vol. 2017, no. 10. Computec Media GmbH. ISSN 1432-640X. Archived from the original on 2018-08-05. Retrieved 2018-08-05.

[Caldera_1996_UK-30] "Basic information about company "Caldera (UK) Limited"". Company Data Rex. 2001-07-01. Company Number 03252883. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24.

[Caldera_1998_Broschure-31] "Caldera DR-WebSpyder Graphical DOS Web Browser - A fully customizable, low system requirement Internet Browser for Information Kiosks, Network Computers, Internet Set-top Boxes, Compact embedded devices with display" (PDF) (Product broschure). Caldera, Inc., Caldera DR-DOS Division. 1998. 3-DRW03EZXXZ-WEBS. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-08. Retrieved 2020-02-08. [9][10] (4 pages)

[Taiwan_1998-32] "Caldera establishes Office in Taiwan in response to the embedded market's demand for DR-DOS". Orem, UT, USA; Taipei, Taiwan. PR Newswire. 1998-06-01. Archived from the original on 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2011-09-04. [11]

[Caldera_1998_Subsidiaries-33] Caldera (1998-09-02). "Caldera Creates Two Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries" (Press release). Orem, UT, USA. PR Newswire. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24.

[Lea_2000_Settlement-34] Lea, Graham (2000-01-13). "Caldera vs Microsoft - the settlement". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24 – via bbc.co.uk.

[Gomes_2000_Settlement-35] Gomes, Lee (2000-01-11). "Microsoft Will Pay $275 Million To Settle Lawsuit From Caldera". The Wall Street Journal (English print ed.). Dow Jones & Company, Inc. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2016-12-31. Retrieved 2019-11-24. Microsoft Corp. agreed to pay an estimated $275 million to settle an antitrust lawsuit by Caldera Inc., heading off a trial that was likely to air nasty allegations from a decade ago. […] Microsoft and Caldera, a small Salt Lake City software company that brought the suit in 1996, didn't disclose terms of the settlement. Microsoft, though, said it would take a charge of three cents a share for the agreement in the fiscal third quarter ending March 31 […] the company has roughly 5.5 billion shares outstanding […]

[Groklaw_2009_NovellWP-36] Jones, Pamela (2009-11-23). "Exhibits to Microsoft's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment in Novell WordPerfect Case". Groklaw. Archived from the original on 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2011-10-22. […] exhibits attached to Microsoft's Memorandum of Law in support of Microsoft's cross motion for summary judgment in the Novell v. Microsoft antitrust litigation. We finally find out what Microsoft paid Caldera to settle the DrDOS litigation back in 2000: $280 million. We even get to read the settlement agreement. It's attached as an exhibit. […] The settlement terms were sealed for all these years, but […] now that mystery is solved. […] We also find out what Caldera/Canopy then paid Novell from that $280 million: $35.5 million at first, and then after Novell successfully sued Canopy in 2004, Caldera's successor-in-interest on this matter, an additional $17.7 million, according to page 16 of the Memorandum. Microsoft claims that Novell is not the real party in interest in this antitrust case, and so it can't sue Microsoft for the claims it has lodged against it, because, Microsoft says, Novell sold its antitrust claims to Caldera when it sold it DrDOS. So the exhibits are trying to demonstrate that Novell got paid in full, so to speak, via that earlier litigation. As a result, we get to read a number of documents from the Novell v. Canopy litigation. Novell responds it retained its antitrust claims in the applications market. […]

[Caldera_Microsoft_2000_Settlement-37] Burt, Thomas W.; Sparks, Bryan Wayne (2000-01-07). "Settlement agreement - Microsoft Corporation and Caldera, Inc. reach agreement to settle antitrust lawsuit" (PDF) (Faxed court document). Case 1:05-cv-01087-JFM, Document 104-8, Filed 2009-11-13; NOV00107061-NOV00107071; LT2288-LT2298; Lan12S311263739.1; Exhibit A. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-04. Retrieved 2018-08-03. […] Microsoft will pay to Caldera, by wire transfer in accordance with written instructions provided by Caldera, the amount of two hundred eighty million dollars ($280,000,000), as full settlement of all claims or potential claims covered by this agreement […] (NB. This document of the Caldera v. Microsoft case was an exhibit in the Novell v. Microsoft and Comes v. Microsoft cases.)

[Microsoft_2009_Memorandum-38] Wallis, Richard J.; Aeschbacher, Steven J.; Bettilyon, Mark M.; Webb, Jr., G. Stewar; Tulchin, David B.; Holley, Steven L. (2009-11-13). "Microsoft's memorandum in opposition to Novell's renewed motion for summary judgement on Microsoft's affirmative defenses and in support of Microsoft's cross-motion for summary judgement" (PDF) (Court document). United States District Court, District of Maryland. p. 16. Novell, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation, Civil Action No. JFM-05-1087. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2018-08-03. […] Microsoft paid $280 million to Caldera to settle the case, and $35.5 million of the settlement proceeds were provided by Caldera to Novell as a so-called "royalty." […] Dissatisfied with that amount, Novell filed suit in June 2000 against Caldera (succeeded by The Canopy Group), alleging that Novell was entitled to even more. […] Novell ultimately prevailed, adding $17.7 million to its share of the monies paid by Microsoft to Caldera, for a total of more than $53 million […]

[Collins_2000-39] Collins, Lois M.; Nii, Jenifer (2000-01-16). "Settlement fuels Caldera 'family' - Orem company is 'settling up' with spinoffs thriving". Deseret News. Archived from the original on 2019-11-30. Retrieved 2019-11-30.

[Jones_2004_Caldera-40] Jones, Pamela (2004-02-29). "Caldera, Inc./Caldera Systems, Inc. 1998 Asset Purchase and Sale Agreement". Groklaw. Archived from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2017-05-25.

[Findlaw_2000-41] "Certificate of Incorporation of Caldera Systems, Inc." FindLaw. 2000-03-02. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24.

[Shankland_2002-42] Shankland, Stephen (2002-01-02). "Caldera Systems CEO happy with $1 billion market cap". CNet. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24.

[Beale_2000-43] Beale, Matthew (2000-03-22). "Caldera IPO Marks First Linux Disappointment". ECommerce Times. ECT News Network, Inc. Archived from the original on 2017-06-24. Retrieved 2017-06-24.

[Caldera_2001_KK-44] Business Editors/High-Tech Writers (2001-05-31). "Caldera Establishes Japanese Subsidiary -- Caldera K.K. -- With support from Fujitsu and Hitachi". Orem, UT, USA: Business Wire. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03. Retrieved 2011-09-04.

[Lea_1999_UK-45] Lea, Graham (1999-04-27). "Caldera closes UK thin client development unit - Development being moved over to Utah". The Register. Situation Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2017-06-24.

[Lea_1999_Linux-46] Lea, Graham (1999-04-21). "Caldera unveils simple install Linux system - No expertise claimed to be needed for OpenLinux 2.2". The Register. Situation Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2017-06-24.

[Caldera_1999_Lineo-47] Caldera, Inc. (1999-07-20). "Embedded Linux moved to top priority at Lineo, Inc. formerly known as Caldera Thin Clients, Inc." (Press release). Lindon, UT, USA. Archived from the original on 2017-06-25. Retrieved 2017-06-24.

[Smith_1999_Lineo-48] Smith, Tony (1999-07-20). "Caldera Thin Clients renamed to focus on embedded Linux - Lineo, Lineo -- wherefore art thou, Lineo?". The Register. Situation Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2018-02-13.

[Richardson_1999_Ball-49] Ball, Lyle (1999-10-01) [1999-08-04]. Richardson, Marjorie "Margie" (ed.). "Interview: Lyle Ball, Lineo". Linux Journal. No. 66. Specialized System Consultants, Inc. (SSC). ISSN 1075-3583. Archived from the original on 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2019-06-01. […] We […] have very deep experience with embedding DR DOS, and we've been making millions from that. So we are in a unique position: we are not a startup and we have funding. Our DOS product paid for all our R&D on embedded Linux. […] we are […] evolving our focus from an embedded DOS-only company to an embedded Linux company. […] We are not killing our DOS product immediately […] However, there has been an increasing demand for embedded Linux. So we are shifting our focus and renaming the company to match our longer-term revenue stream, which will be Linux-based […] as the market has requested us to do […] We will keep selling both technologies during the transition. […] [12] Archived 2020-01-14 at the Wayback Machine

[Jemmett_1999-50] Jemmett, Ben A. L. (April 1999). "Caldera releases GEM under the GPL". Deltasoft - GEM News. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-11-07. Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. released the source code for GEM and ViewMAX under the GNU Public License in mid April, following years of speculation over GEM's future. Caldera bought the GEM sources from Novell along with the DR-DOS in 1996, at the time noting that they may develop GEM into a platform for mobile computers and thin clients. However, these plans were dropped, and GEM was instead released into the open-source community.

[Sparks_2001_CP/M-51] Sparks, Bryan Wayne (2001-10-19). Chaudry, Gabriele "Gaby" (ed.). "License agreement for the CP/M material presented on this site". Lineo, Inc. Archived from the original on 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2018-09-09. […] Let this email represent a right to use, distribute, modify, enhance and otherwise make available in a nonexclusive manner the CP/M technology as part of the "Unofficial CP/M Web Site" with its maintainers, developers and community. I further state that as Chairman and CEO of Lineo, Inc. that I have the right to do offer such a license. […] Bryan Sparks […]

[Chaudry_2001_CP/M-52] Chaudry, Gabriele "Gaby" (ed.). "The Unofficial CP/M Web Site". Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2016-02-03.

[Gasperson_2001_Collection-53] Gasperson, Tina (2001-11-26). "CP/M collection is back online with an Open Source licence - Walk down memory lane". The Register. Situation Publishing Ltd. Archived from the original on 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2001-11-26.

[Swaine_2004_CP/M-54] Swaine, Michael (2004-06-01). "CP/M and DRM". Dr. Dobb's Journal. Vol. 29, no. 6. CMP Media LLC. pp. 71–73. #361. Archived from the original on 2018-09-09. Retrieved 2018-09-09. [13]

[Correia_2002-55] Correia, Edward J. (2002-07-01). "Lineo Is Now Embedix - New company releases SDK, dumps RTXC". SD Times: Software Development News. Archived from the original on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2012-04-07.

[Metrowerks_2002-56] "SPECIAL REPORT: Motorola/Metrowerks acquires embedded Linux pioneer Lineo". Linux Devices. Ziff Davis Enterprise Holdings Inc. 2002-12-17. Archived from the original on 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2013-01-28.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Defunct American multinational operating system software company}}
-{{hatnote|This article is about the original US-based Caldera Inc. For its post-split subsidiary that carried on Linux work, see [[Caldera International]]. For all other businesses using the "Caldera" name, see [[Caldera (disambiguation)]].}}
-{{short description|Defunct American multinational operating system software company}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019|cs1-dates=y}}
+{{Use list-defined references|date=December 2021}}
 {{Infobox company
 | name             = Caldera
-| logo             =
+| logo             = File:Caldera 1994 logo.svg
 | logo_caption     =
 | image            =
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 | predecessor      =
 | successor        =
-| foundation       = <!-- City, Country -->{{Start date|1994|10||df=yes}}<ref name="Caldera_1996_OpenSource"/>
+| foundation       = <!-- City, Country -->{{Start date and age|1994|10||df=yes}}<ref name="Caldera_1996_OpenSource"/>
 | founder          = {{Plainlist|
 * Bryan Wayne Sparks
 * [[Ransom Love|Ransom H. Love]]}}
-| defunct          = {{End date||df=yes}}
+| defunct          = {{End date|2002|df=yes}}<ref name="OC_2022"/>
 | location_city    =
 | location_country =
@@ Line 57: / Line 57: @@
 }}
+<section begin=lede />'''Caldera''', Inc. was a [[Canopy Group|Canopy]]-funded software company founded in October 1994<ref name="Caldera_1996_OpenSource">{{cite web |title=Caldera announces open source code model for DOS - DR DOS + the Internet = Caldera OpenDOS |editor-first1=Lyle |editor-last1=Ball <!-- |editor-link1=Lyle Ball --> |editor-first2=Nancy |editor-last2=Pomeroy |date=1996-09-10 |publisher=Caldera, Inc. |location=Provo, UT, USA |url=http://caldera.com:80/news/pr002.html |access-date=2019-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961018220910/http://caldera.com/news/pr002.html |archive-date=1996-10-18}}</ref> and incorporated on 25 January 1995<ref name="OC_2022">{{cite web |title=Caldera, Inc. |work=OpenCorporates |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ut/1222412-0142 |access-date=2022-01-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127233617/https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ut/1222412-0142 |archive-date=2022-01-27 |quote=Caldera, Inc. […] Company Number 1222412-0142 […] Incorporation Date 25 January 1995 […] Dissolution Date 29 April 2002 […] Registered Address 240 W CENTER ST Orem, UT 84057 United States}}</ref> by former [[Novell]] employees Bryan Wayne Sparks, [[Ransom Love|Ransom H. Love]] and others<!-- ten employees in total, most from Novell: Bryan Wayne Sparks, founder/president (Novell); Bryce J. Burns, chief operations officer (Novell); [[Ransom Love|Ransom H. Love]], VP marketing (Novell); Greg Page, VP engineering (Bell Labs, AT&T); and Craig Bradley, VP Sales (Lotus, Word Perfect), --> to develop the [[Caldera Network Desktop]] (CND) and later create a [[Linux]] distribution named [[OpenLinux]] (COL). The company was originally based in [[Provo, Utah|Provo]] and later in [[Orem, Utah|Orem]]<!-- Provo in 1996, Orem in 1998 -->, Utah, USA.
-'''Caldera''' was a US-based software company founded in 1994 to develop [[Linux]]- and [[DOS]]-based [[operating system]] products.
+Their first product in 1995 was Caldera Network Desktop, which was based on [[Red Hat Linux]]<ref name="Petreley_1996_Caldera">{{cite journal |title=Down to the Wire - Hot Caldera rates a look as an Internet service, maybe even for desktops |author-first=Nicholas |author-last=Petreley |journal=[[InfoWorld]] |publisher=[[InfoWorld Publishing Inc.]] |issn=0199-6649 |volume=18 |issue=8 |date=1996-02-19 |page=108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xT4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA108 |access-date=2017-06-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191123182258/https://books.google.com/books?id=xT4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA108&lpg=PA108&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2019-11-23}}</ref><ref name="Hughes_1996_CND">{{cite magazine |title=Caldera Network Desktop 1.0 |author-first=Phil |author-last=Hughes |date=1996-06-01 |number=26 |magazine=[[Linux Journal]] |publisher=[[Specialized System Consultants, Inc.]] (SSC) |issn=1075-3583 |url=https://nnc3.com/mags/LJ_1994-2014/LJ/026/0117.html |access-date=2018-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180805090434/https://nnc3.com/mags/LJ_1994-2014/LJ/026/0117.html |archive-date=2018-08-05}} [https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/117]</ref> and Novell's [[Corsair Internet Desktop]]. It also included LISA (Linux Installation and System Administration),<ref name="Hughes_1996_CND"/> which had been developed by the German [[Linux Support Team]] (LST) for their own Linux distribution.<ref name="LST_1997">{{cite web |title=LST Software GmbH Merges With Caldera Inc. - Critically acclaimed European Linux developers strengthen Caldera's Commitment |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |location=[[Linux Kongress]], [[Würzburg]], Germany |date=1997-05-23 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LST+Software+GmbH+Merges+With+Caldera+Inc.-a019440952 |access-date=2011-09-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913050017/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LST+Software+GmbH+Merges+With+Caldera+Inc.-a019440952 |archive-date=2012-09-13}}</ref>
-== Caldera ==
+<section end=lede/>
-{{Seealso|Novell Corsair|Novell Exposé|Caldera Network Desktop}}
-'''Caldera''', Inc. was a [[Canopy Group|Canopy]]-funded software company founded in October 1994<ref name="Caldera_1996_OpenSource"/> and incorporated in January 1995 by former [[Novell]] employees Bryan Wayne Sparks, [[Ransom Love|Ransom H. Love]] and others<!-- ten employees in total, most from Novell: Bryan Wayne Sparks, founder/president (Novell); Bryce J. Burns, chief operations officer (Novell); [[Ransom Love|Ransom H. Love]], VP marketing (Novell); Greg Page, VP engineering (Bell Labs, AT&T); and Craig Bradley, VP Sales (Lotus, Word Perfect), --> to develop the [[Caldera Network Desktop]] (CND) and later create a [[Linux]] distribution named [[OpenLinux]] (COL). The company was originally based in [[Provo, Utah|Provo]] and later in [[Orem, Utah|Orem]]<!-- Provo in 1996, Orem in 1998 -->, Utah, USA.
-Their first product in 1995 was Caldera Network Desktop, which was based on [[Red Hat Linux]]<ref name="Petreley_1996_Caldera"/><ref name="Hughes_1996_CND"/> and Novell's [[Corsair Internet Desktop]]. It also included LISA (Linux Installation and System Administration),<ref name="Hughes_1996_CND"/> which had been developed by the German [[Linux Support Team]] (LST) for their own Linux distribution.<ref name="LST_1997"/>
 The newer OpenLinux distribution<!-- announced 1996, shipped 1997 --> was based on [[LST Power Linux]], a [[Slackware]]-derived distribution that had been maintained by LST since 1993<ref name="LST_2003"/> and the first to come with a Linux 2.0 kernel.<ref name="LST_1997"/>
-Looking for a [[DOS]] operating system to bundle with their OpenLinux distribution,<ref name="Caldera_1996_OpenSource"/> Caldera, backed up by The Canopy Group as their largest investor, acquired [[Novell DOS]]&nbsp;7 and other [[Digital Research]] assets from Novell on 23 July 1996.<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/><ref name="Leon_1996_Caldera"/> The deal consisted of a direct payment of {{currency|amount=400000|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=yes}} as well as percentual royalties for any revenues derived from DR-DOS to Novell.<ref name="Jones_2004"/> Caldera filed the [[Caldera v. Microsoft]] antitrust lawsuit the same day.<ref name="Caldera_Fullstory_Tech"/> This lawsuit related to Caldera's claims of [[monopolization]], [[tying (commerce)|illegal tying]], [[exclusive dealing]], and [[tortious interference]] by [[Microsoft]]. An example was that certain beta versions of [[Windows 3.1]] produced technically groundless "non-fatal" fake error messages when installing and running them on [[DR DOS 6.0]] due to a check known as [[AARD code]] in order to create [[fear, uncertainty and doubt]] (FUD) and destroy DR DOS' reputation.<ref name="Schulman_1993_AARD"/><ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/><ref name="Caldera_1999_FactRel"/><ref name="Caldera_1999_Statement_of_facts"/><ref name="TLJ"/><ref name="Egbert_1998"/> Another example was bundling and [[artificially tying]] MS-DOS 7 and Windows 4 into a single product ([[Windows 95]]) in order to eliminate competition. Caldera later demonstrated that it would have been beneficial for DOS and Windows users to have a choice between MS-DOS and DR-DOS featurewise, and that it was technically possible to run Windows 4 on DR-DOS 7 simply by faking some new, unnecessarily complex but functionally non-essential internal interfaces through [[WinGlue]].<ref name="Caldera_Fullstory_Tech"/><ref name="Cebit_1998_Winglue"/><ref name="Romano_1998_Winbolt"/><ref name="Lea_1998_Satellite"/><ref name="Graham_1999_Win95"/><ref name="Paul_2002_RMD"/><ref name="Paul_2002_W4"/>
+Looking for a [[DOS]] operating system to bundle with their OpenLinux distribution,<ref name="Caldera_1996_OpenSource"/> Caldera, backed up by The Canopy Group as their largest investor, acquired [[Novell DOS]]&nbsp;7 and other [[Digital Research]] assets from Novell on 23 July 1996.<ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit"/><ref name="Leon_1996_Caldera"/> The deal consisted of a direct payment of {{currency|amount=400000|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=yes}} as well as percentual royalties for any revenues derived from DR-DOS to Novell.<ref name="Jones_2004"/> Caldera filed the [[Caldera v. Microsoft]] antitrust lawsuit the same day.<ref name="Caldera_Fullstory_Tech"/> This lawsuit related to Caldera's claims of [[monopolization]], [[tying (commerce)|illegal tying]], [[exclusive dealing]], and [[tortious interference]] by [[Microsoft]]. An example was that certain beta versions of [[Windows 3.1]] produced technically groundless "non-fatal" fake error messages when installing and running them on [[DR&nbsp;DOS 6.0]] due to a check known as [[AARD code]] in order to create [[fear, uncertainty and doubt]] (FUD) and destroy DR&nbsp;DOS' reputation.<ref name="Schulman_1993_AARD"/><ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS"/><ref name="Caldera_1999_FactRel"/><ref name="Caldera_1999_Statement_of_facts"/><ref name="TLJ"/><ref name="Egbert_1998"/> Another example was bundling and [[artificially tying]] MS-DOS 7 and Windows 4 into a single product ([[Windows 95]]) in order to eliminate competition. Caldera later demonstrated that it would have been beneficial for DOS and Windows users to have a choice between MS-DOS and DR-DOS feature-wise, and that it was technically possible to run Windows 4 on DR-DOS 7 simply by faking some new, unnecessarily complex but functionally non-essential internal interfaces through [[WinGlue]].<ref name="Caldera_Fullstory_Tech"/><ref name="Cebit_1998_Winglue"/><ref name="Romano_1998_Winbolt"/><ref name="Lea_1998_Satellite"/><ref name="Graham_1999_Win95"/><ref name="Paul_2002_RMD"/><ref name="Paul_2002_W4"/>
+See [[Microsoft litigation#Caldera v Microsoft]].
 Since Digital Research's [[CP/M]] and [[MP/M]] had no commercial value for Caldera, they offered various binaries and sources for download on their site and allowed the redistribution and modification of more collected CP/M files through [[Tim Olmstead (CP/M)|Tim Olmstead]]'s independent "The Unofficial CP/M Web site" since 1997, for as long as they did not contain any DOS technology.<ref name="Olmstead_1997_1"/><ref name="Olmstead_1997_2"/><ref name="Caldera_1997_CP/M"/>
@@ Line 75: / Line 73: @@
 While active, Caldera, Inc. created a number of subsidiaries:
+== Subsidiaries ==
 === Caldera UK ===
 Under the direction of Roger Alan Gross as General Manager of Caldera's [[Digital Research Systems Group (Caldera)|Digital Research Systems Group]] (DSG) the UK-based development center [[Caldera UK]] Ltd. ({{coord|51.20531|-1.478786|dim:15_region:GB|display=inline|name=Caldera UK Ltd., Aldwych House, Winchester Street, Andover, Hampshire, SP10 2EA, UK}}<!-- NB. These coordinates are exact, but this address is not the location of the development office some months later. Apparently, the company was originally incorporated as Law 774 Ltd. on 1996-09-20 and then renamed to Caldera UK Ltd. on 1996-12-12. -->) was incorporated on 20 September 1996<ref name="Caldera_1996_UK"/> to continue the development of the [[DR-DOS]] operating system in a converted barn ({{coord|51.188306|-1.487498|dim:25_region:GB|display=inline|name=Caldera UK Ltd., Norman Court Barns, Norman Court Lane, Upper Clatford, Andover, Hampshire, UK}}<!-- NB. These coordinates are exact. -->) at the periphery of [[Andover, Hampshire|Andover]], Hampshire, UK. Caldera UK developed various DOS-based products including [[OpenDOS 7.01]] (COD), [[DR-DOS 7.02]], [[DR-DOS 7.03]] and [[DR-WebSpyder]].<ref name="Caldera_1998_Broschure"/>
@@ Line 101: / Line 100: @@
 {{main|Caldera International}}
-[[Caldera Systems, Inc.]] (CSI), headed by Love as President and CEO since its incorporation in [[Orem, Utah]], on 21 August 1998,<ref name="Jones_2004_Caldera"/> targeted the Linux-based software business including OpenLinux, with Caldera Deutschland as their German Linux development center. The company reincorporated in Delaware on 2 March 2000<ref name="Findlaw_2000"/><!-- NB. The contract states 2 March 2000, Groklaw states 6 March 2000, however. --> and completed an [[Initial Public Offering|IPO]] of its common stock as CALD. On the first day of trading Caldera's shares doubled in value, briefly touching {{currency|amount=33|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}}, and by the end of the first day the company had a market capitalisation of {{currency|amount=1.1 billion|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}}. However, at a time when technology IPOs were attracting extremely high valuations, Caldera Systems's performance was generally perceived as a disappointment.<ref name="Shankland_2002"/><ref name="Beale_2000"/>
+[[Caldera Systems, Inc.]] (CSI), headed by Love as president and CEO since its incorporation in [[Orem, Utah]], on 21 August 1998,<ref name="Jones_2004_Caldera"/> targeted the Linux-based software business including OpenLinux, with Caldera Deutschland as their German Linux development center. The company reincorporated in Delaware on 2 March 2000<ref name="Findlaw_2000"/><!-- NB. The contract states 2 March 2000, Groklaw states 6 March 2000, however. --> and completed an [[Initial public offering|IPO]] of its common stock as CALD. On the first day of trading Caldera's shares doubled in value, briefly touching {{currency|amount=33|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}}, and by the end of the first day the company had a market capitalisation of {{currency|amount=1.1 billion|code=USD|fmt=gaps|linked=no}}. However, at a time when technology IPOs were attracting extremely high valuations, Caldera Systems's performance was generally perceived as a disappointment.<ref name="Shankland_2002"/><ref name="Beale_2000"/>
-[[File:caldera-logo.png|Late Caldera Systems logo|thumb|325px|right]]<!-- This is either a third variant of a Caldera Systems logo (the first was green, like the Caldera logo, but with "systems" added, the second was like this one, but with "systems" added), or a first variant of a Caldera International logo (in the second variant the "C" has a vertical line), already. -->
+[[File:Caldera International logo.svg|Late Caldera Systems logo|thumb|right]]<!-- This is either a third variant of a Caldera Systems logo (the first was green, like the Caldera logo, but with "systems" added, the second was like this one, but with "systems" added), or a first variant of a Caldera International logo (in the second variant the "C" has a vertical line), already. -->
 The company reorganized in August 2000<!-- TBD. Details to be sorted out: Caldera Holdings, Inc., Caldera Surviving Corporation? --> and became [[Caldera International, Inc.]] (CII) in March 2001.
@@ Line 114: / Line 113: @@
 {{main|Lineo}}
-[[Caldera Thin Clients]], Inc. (CTC), incorporated in August 1998 and originally led by Gross as President and CEO,<ref name="Caldera_1998_Subsidiaries"/> instead developed [[DOS]]- and Linux-based thin clients and solutions for embedded systems. Originally located in Orem<ref name="Caldera_1998_Subsidiaries"/> and later in [[Lindon, Utah|Lindon]], it was meant to become the US-based "parent" company for Caldera UK Ltd. When Gross resigned and Caldera UK Ltd. was disbanded in February 1999, and when the attempt to relocate the DR-DOS development into the US failed,<ref name="Lea_1999_UK"/><ref name="Lea_1999_Linux"/> Caldera Thin Clients, under the new lead of Sparks, soon refocused on Linux.<ref name="Caldera_1999_Lineo"/><ref name="Smith_1999_Lineo"/><ref name="Richardson_1999_Ball"/>
+[[Caldera Thin Clients]], Inc. (CTC), incorporated in August 1998 and originally led by Gross as president and CEO,<ref name="Caldera_1998_Subsidiaries"/> instead developed [[DOS]]- and Linux-based thin clients and solutions for embedded systems. Originally located in Orem<ref name="Caldera_1998_Subsidiaries"/> and later in [[Lindon, Utah|Lindon]], it was meant to become the US-based "parent" company for Caldera UK Ltd. When Gross resigned and Caldera UK Ltd. was disbanded in February 1999, and when the attempt to relocate the DR-DOS development into the US failed,<ref name="Lea_1999_UK"/><ref name="Lea_1999_Linux"/> Caldera Thin Clients, under the new lead of Sparks, soon refocused on Linux.<ref name="Caldera_1999_Lineo"/><ref name="Smith_1999_Lineo"/><ref name="Richardson_1999_Ball"/>
 In April 1999, Caldera Thin Clients released the no longer needed sources to [[Graphics Environment Manager|GEM]] and [[ViewMAX]] under the [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL).<ref name="Jemmett_1999"/>
@@ Line 125: / Line 124: @@
 ==Caldera Graphics{{anchor|FRANCE}}==
-Totally unrelated to the above mentioned US-based Caldera companies, there is also a French software company named Caldera, specialized in imaging software for wide format digital printing. In order to better distinguish it from the US-based companies, the French company was also referred to under the name ''Caldera Graphics SAS'' for several years. Created in 1991, it has since got back its Caldera trademark from the SCO Group, as well as the <tt>caldera.com</tt> website since 2010. This French company produces [[Raster Image Processor|RIP]] software as well as other solutions dedicated to digital printers and to the Digital Printing industry. The company was taken over by [[Dover Corporation|Dover]] in 2017.<ref name="Dover_1997_Caldera"/>
+Totally unrelated to the above-mentioned US-based Caldera companies, there is also a French software company named Caldera, specialized in imaging software for wide format digital printing. In order to better distinguish it from the US-based companies, the French company was also referred to under the name '''Caldera Graphics SAS''' for several years. Created in 1991, it has since got back its Caldera trademark from the SCO Group, as well as the {{mono|caldera.com}} website since 2010. This French company produces [[Raster Image Processor|RIP]] software as well as other solutions dedicated to digital printers and to the Digital Printing industry. The company was taken over by [[Dover Corporation|Dover]] in 2017.<ref name="Dover_1997_Caldera"/>
+==See also==
+* [[Caldera OpenLinux]]
 ==References==
 {{reflist|refs=
-<ref name="Petreley_1996_Caldera">{{cite journal |title=Down to the Wire - Hot Caldera rates a look as an Internet service, maybe even for desktops |author-first=Nicholas |author-last=Petreley |journal=[[InfoWorld]] |publisher=[[InfoWorld Publishing Inc.]] |issn=0199-6649 |volume=18 |issue=8 |date=1996-02-19 |page=108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xT4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA108&lpg=PA108 |access-date=2017-06-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191123182258/https://books.google.com/books?id=xT4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA108&lpg=PA108&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2019-11-23}}</ref>
 <ref name="Caldera_1996_Suit">{{cite web |title=Software Developer Caldera sues Microsoft for Antitrust practices alleges monopolistic acts shut its DR DOS operating system out of market |publisher=Caldera News |date=1996-07-24 |location=Salt Lake City, UT, USA |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/ca_sues_ms.html |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624232924/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/ca_sues_ms.html |archive-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
 <ref name="Jones_2004">{{cite web |author-first=Pamela |author-last=Jones |author-link=Pamela Jones |title=Now It's Novell v. Canopy |publisher=[[Groklaw]] |date=2004-05-12 |url=http://www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20040511144030585 |access-date=2017-05-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625185818/http://www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20040511144030585 |archive-date=2017-06-25}}</ref>
 <ref name="Caldera_Fullstory_Tech">{{cite web |title=In the United States District Court - District of Utah, Central Division - Caldera, Inc. vs. Microsoft Corporation - Case No. 2:96CV 0645B - Caldera, Inc.'s Memorandum in opposition to defendant's motion for partial Summary Judgment on plaintiff's "Technological Tying" claim |author-first1=Stephen Daily |author-last1=Susman |author-link1=Stephen Daily Susman |author-first2=Charles R. |author-last2=Eskridge III |author-link2=Charles R. Eskridge III |author-first3=Harry P. |author-last3=Susman |author-first4=James T. |author-last4=Southwick |author-first5=Parker C. |author-last5=Folse III |author-first6=Timothy K. |author-last6=Borchers |author-first7=Ralph H. |author-last7=Palumbo |author-first8=Matthew R.<!-- Matt --> |author-last8=Harris |author-first9=Lynn M. |author-last9=Engel |author-first10=Philip S.<!-- Phil --> |author-last10=McCune |author-first11=Lawrence C. |author-last11=Locker |author-first12=Max D. |author-last12=Wheeler |author-first13=Stephen J. |author-last13=Hill |author-first14=Ryan E. |author-last14=Tibbitts |date=May 1999 |type=Court document |publisher=Caldera, Inc. |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/tech.html<!-- http://www.calderathin.com/legal/index.html exact former url not known --> |access-date=2018-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805142843/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/tech.html |archive-date=2018-08-05}}</ref>
 <ref name="Schulman_1993_AARD">{{cite magazine |title=Examining the Windows AARD Detection Code - A serious message--and the code that produced it |author-first=Andrew |author-last=Schulman |date=September 1993 |magazine=[[Dr. Dobb's Journal]] |volume=18 |issue=9 |id=<!-- |number=-->#204 |publisher=[[Miller Freeman, Inc.]] |pages=42, 44–48, 89 |url=http://www.ddj.com/documents/s=1030/ddj9309d/9309d.htm |access-date=2013-10-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210072152/http://www.ddj.com/documents/s%3D1030/ddj9309d/9309d.htm |archive-date=2005-12-10}}</ref>
-<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS">{{cite book |author-first1=Andrew |author-last1=Schulman |author-first2=Ralf D. |author-last2=Brown |author-link2=Ralf D. Brown |author-first3=David |author-last3=Maxey |author-first4=Raymond J. |author-last4=Michels |author-first5=Jim |author-last5=Kyle |title=Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 |publisher=[[Addison Wesley]] |edition=2 |date=1994 |orig-year=November 1993<!-- first printing --> |isbn=0-201-63287-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11 11] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11}} (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5-inch floppy) Errata: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215556/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud2][https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition]</ref>
+<ref name="Schulman_1994_Undocumented-DOS">{{cite book |author-first1=Andrew |author-last1=Schulman |author-first2=Ralf D. |author-last2=Brown |author-link2=Ralf D. Brown |author-first3=David |author-last3=Maxey |author-first4=Raymond J. |author-last4=Michels |author-first5=Jim |author-last5=Kyle |title=Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures - expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1 |publisher=[[Addison Wesley]] |edition=2 |date=1994 |orig-date=November 1993<!-- first printing --> |isbn=0-201-63287-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11 11] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/undocumenteddosp00andr_0/page/11}} (xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5-inch floppy) Errata: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417215556/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/ralf/pub/books/UndocumentedDOS/errata.ud2][https://web.archive.org/web/20190417212906/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/Undocumented_DOS/#errata-2nd-edition]</ref>
 <ref name="Caldera_1999_FactRel">{{cite web |title=Caldera submits evidence to counter Microsoft's motions for partial summary judgment |editor-first=Lyle |editor-last=Ball <!-- |editor-link=Lyle Ball --> |publisher=Caldera, Inc. |date=1999-04-28 |type=Press release |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/factrel.html<!-- http://www.calderathin.com/legal/index.html exact former url not known --> |access-date=2018-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805143119/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/factrel.html |archive-date=2018-08-05}}</ref>
 <ref name="Caldera_1999_Statement_of_facts">{{cite web |title=In the United States District Court - District of Utah, Central Division - Caldera, Inc. vs. Microsoft Corporation - Consolidated statement of facts in support of its responses to motions for summary judgement by Microsoft Corporation - Case No. 2:96CV 0645B |author-first1=Stephen Daily |author-last1=Susman |author-link1=Stephen Daily Susman |author-first2=Charles R. |author-last2=Eskridge III |author-link2=Charles R. Eskridge III |author-first3=James T. |author-last3=Southwick |author-first4=Harry P. |author-last4=Susman |author-first5=Parker C. |author-last5=Folse III |author-first6=Ralph H. |author-last6=Palumbo |author-first7=Matthew R.<!-- Matt --> |author-last7=Harris |author-first8=Philip S.<!-- Phil --> |author-last8=McCune |author-first9=Lynn M. |author-last9=Engel |author-first10=Stephen J. |author-last10=Hill |author-first11=Ryan E. |author-last11=Tibbitts |date=April 1999 |type=Court document |publisher=Caldera, Inc. |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/factstat.html<!-- http://www.calderathin.com/legal/index.html exact former link not known --> |access-date=2018-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805184350/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/factstat.html |archive-date=2018-08-05}}</ref>
@@ Line 140: / Line 141: @@
 <ref name="Cebit_1998_Winglue">{{cite web |title=Cebit: Caldera shows Windows on DR-DOS, denying MS claims |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |date=1998-03-23 |series=[[CeBIT]] news |location=Hanover, Germany |url=http://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/1996865/cebit-caldera-windows-dr-dos-denying-ms-claims |access-date=2009-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624231328/https://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/1996865/cebit-caldera-windows-dr-dos-denying-ms-claims |archive-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
 <ref name="Romano_1998_Winbolt">{{cite journal |author-first=Mike |author-last=Romano |title=The mouse that roared. Forget the feds. It's up to an obscure Utah company to prove what we already know: that Microsoft is a monopoly. |journal=[[Seattle Weekly]] |date=1998-09-16 |url=http://www.seattleweekly.com/1998-09-16/news/the-mouse-that-roared/ |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624231746/http://archive.seattleweekly.com/1998-09-16/news/the-mouse-that-roared/ |archive-date=2017-06-24 |quote=Furthermore, Caldera claims that Microsoft's flagship product, [[Windows 95]], is nothing more than an "[[artificial tie]]" between its [[MS-DOS]] operating system and Windows graphic interface with no business justification other than to keep competing underlying operating systems—like Caldera's DR-DOS—off the market. To prove its point, Caldera will soon release a piece of demonstration software called "[[WinBolt]]," which, it says, will allow users to install the Windows 95 interface atop DR-DOS. The demo will show, Caldera says, that there is no significant technological advancement, or justified business efficiency, to the combination of MS-DOS with Windows in Windows 95.}}</ref>
-<ref name="Graham_1999_Win95">{{cite newspaper |title=Win95 – is it just Dos 7 plus Windows 4 after all? The judge thinks it could be… |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |date=1999-11-05 |newspaper=[[The Register]] |publisher=[[Situation Publishing Ltd.]] |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/11/05/win95_is_it_just_dos/ |access-date=2016-11-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125133814/https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/11/05/win95_is_it_just_dos/ |archive-date=2016-11-25}}</ref>
+<ref name="Graham_1999_Win95">{{cite news |title=Win95 – is it just Dos 7 plus Windows 4 after all? The judge thinks it could be… |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |date=1999-11-05 |newspaper=[[The Register]] |publisher=[[Situation Publishing Ltd.]] |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/11/05/win95_is_it_just_dos/ |access-date=2016-11-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125133814/https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/11/05/win95_is_it_just_dos/ |archive-date=2016-11-25}}</ref>
 <ref name="Paul_2002_RMD">{{cite web |title=[fd-dev] HMA access from TSR |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-04-10 |work=freedos-dev |url=https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101846072627263&w=4 |access-date=2017-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170909125117/https://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=101846072627263&w=4 |archive-date=2017-09-09 |quote=[…] [[MS-DOS 7.0]]+ […] introduced a […] for the most part undocumented RMD data structure usually located in the [[High memory area|HMA]]. The kernel collects and records configuration and Real Mode Driver data during boot (type of driver, interrupts hooked by driver, [[CONFIG.SYS]] line of invocation, etc.) and stores this information in a […] complicated […] growing data structure. Presumably […] meant to be used by the Windows core to get a better picture of the loaded Real Mode drivers […] or even attempt to unhook or unload some of them, […] it is only used to a very limited extent ([…] some of the info reflected in the log files created on […] startup, and some parts of the […] configuration manager also make use of it), […] leaving room […] beyond the technical side […] because nothing of the interesting stuff is documented […]}}</ref>
 <ref name="Paul_2002_W4">{{cite newsgroup |title=Will Windows 3.1 work with DR-DOS 7.03? |author-first=Matthias R. |author-last=Paul |date=2002-07-25 |newsgroup=alt.os.free-dos |url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/alt.os.free-dos/Cmyxty6vj-A/--5cpmEGDngJ |access-date=2018-05-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191123180938/https://groups.google.com/forum/%23!msg/alt.os.free-dos/Cmyxty6vj-A/5RYLdhUWtnMJ |archive-date=2019-11-23 |quote=[…] DR-DOS 7.03 is compatible with Windows and Windows for groups up to 3.xx (and internal versions of DR-DOS even with Windows 4.xx aka Windows 95/98/SE […]}}</ref>
 <ref name="Caldera_1996_UK">{{cite web |publisher=Company Data Rex |title=Basic information about company "Caldera (UK) Limited" |id=Company Number 03252883 |date=2001-07-01 |url=http://www.cdrex.com/caldera-uk-limited-1134037.html |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624232240/http://www.cdrex.com/caldera-uk-limited-1134037.html |archive-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
-<ref name="LST_1997">{{cite web |title=LST Software GmbH Merges With Caldera Inc. - Critically acclaimed European Linux developers strengthen Caldera's Commitment |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |location=[[Linux Kongress]], [[Würzburg]], Germany |date=1997-05-23 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LST+Software+GmbH+Merges+With+Caldera+Inc.-a019440952 |access-date=2011-09-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913050017/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LST+Software+GmbH+Merges+With+Caldera+Inc.-a019440952 |archive-date=2012-09-13}}</ref>
-<ref name="LST_2003">{{cite web |title=Historie |language=de |date=2018 |orig-year=2001 |publisher=LST - Verein zur Förderung freier Software e.V. |url=http://www.lst.de/de/main.php?id=02 |access-date=2018-08-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804152549/http://www.lst.de/de/main.php?id=02 |archive-date=2018-08-04}}</ref>
+<ref name="LST_2003">{{cite web |title=Historie |language=de |date=2018 |orig-date=2001 |publisher=LST - Verein zur Förderung freier Software e.V. |url=http://www.lst.de/de/main.php?id=02 |access-date=2018-08-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804152549/http://www.lst.de/de/main.php?id=02 |archive-date=2018-08-04}}</ref>
 <ref name="Taiwan_1998">{{cite web |title=Caldera establishes Office in Taiwan in response to the embedded market's demand for DR-DOS |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |date=1998-06-01 |location=Orem, UT, USA; Taipei, Taiwan |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Caldera+Establishes+Office+in+Taiwan+in+Response+To+The+Embedded...-a020762893 |access-date=2011-09-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911171025/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Caldera+Establishes+Office+in+Taiwan+in+Response+To+The+Embedded...-a020762893 |archive-date=2012-09-11}} [https://www.electronicsweb.com/doc/caldera-establishes-office-in-taiwan-0001<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20180822204602/https://www.electronicsweb.com/doc/caldera-establishes-office-in-taiwan-0001 -->]</ref>
 <ref name="Caldera_1998_Subsidiaries">{{cite web |author=Caldera |author-link=Caldera (company) |title=Caldera Creates Two {{sic|hide=y|Wholly|-}}Owned Subsidiaries |type=Press release |date=1998-09-02 |agency=[[PR Newswire]] |location=Orem, UT, USA |url=http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/cgi/news/release?id=15948 |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624234105/http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/caldera-creates-two-wholly-owned-subsidiaries-156626585.html |archive-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
-<ref name="Lea_2000_Settlement">{{cite web |title=Caldera vs Microsoft - the settlement |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |date=2000-01-13 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |via=bbc.co.uk |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/600488.stm |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624234406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/600488.stm |archive-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
+<ref name="Lea_2000_Settlement">{{cite web |title=Caldera vs Microsoft - the settlement |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |date=2000-01-13 |work=[[BBC News]] |via=bbc.co.uk |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/600488.stm |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624234406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/600488.stm |archive-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
 <ref name="Groklaw_2009_NovellWP">{{cite web |author-first=Pamela |author-last=Jones |author-link=Pamela Jones |title=Exhibits to Microsoft's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment in Novell WordPerfect Case |work=[[Groklaw]] |date=2009-11-23 |url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20091120165256836 |access-date=2011-10-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130821080038/http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20091120165256836 |archive-date=2013-08-21 |quote=[…] exhibits attached to [[Microsoft]]'s Memorandum of Law in support of Microsoft's cross motion for summary judgment in the [[Novell]] v. Microsoft [[antitrust]] litigation. We finally find out what Microsoft paid Caldera to settle the DrDOS litigation back in 2000: $280 million. We even get to read the settlement agreement. It's attached as an exhibit. […] The settlement terms were sealed for all these years, but […] now that mystery is solved. […] We also find out what Caldera/[[Canopy Group|Canopy]] then paid [[Novell]] from that $280 million: $35.5 million at first, and then after Novell successfully sued Canopy in 2004, Caldera's successor-in-interest on this matter, an additional $17.7 million, according to page 16 of the Memorandum. Microsoft claims that Novell is not the real party in interest in this antitrust case, and so it can't sue Microsoft for the claims it has lodged against it, because, Microsoft says, Novell sold its antitrust claims to Caldera when it sold it DrDOS. So the exhibits are trying to demonstrate that Novell got paid in full, so to speak, via that earlier litigation. As a result, we get to read a number of documents from the Novell v. Canopy litigation. Novell responds it retained its antitrust claims in the applications market. […]}}</ref>
 <ref name="Jones_2004_Caldera">{{cite web |author-first=Pamela |author-last=Jones |author-link=Pamela Jones |title=Caldera, Inc./Caldera Systems, Inc. 1998 Asset Purchase and Sale Agreement |publisher=[[Groklaw]] |date=2004-02-29 |url=http://www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20040229023446199 |access-date=2017-05-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191938/http://www.groklaw.net/articlebasic.php?story=20040229023446199 |archive-date=2017-06-25}}</ref>
-<ref name="Findlaw_2000">{{cite web |title=((Certificate of Incorporation of Caldera Systems, Inc.)) |date=2000-03-02 |publisher=FindLaw |url=http://contracts.corporate.findlaw.com/formation/incorporation/5411.html |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624234906/http://corporate.findlaw.com/contracts/formation/certificate-of-incorporation-caldera-systems-inc.html |archive-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
+<ref name="Findlaw_2000">{{cite web |title=((Certificate of Incorporation of Caldera Systems, Inc.)) |date=2000-03-02 |work=FindLaw |url=http://contracts.corporate.findlaw.com/formation/incorporation/5411.html |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624234906/http://corporate.findlaw.com/contracts/formation/certificate-of-incorporation-caldera-systems-inc.html |archive-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
 <ref name="Shankland_2002">{{cite web |title=Caldera Systems CEO happy with $1 billion market cap |author-first=Stephen |author-last=Shankland |publisher=[[CNet]] |date=2002-01-02 |url=http://www.cnet.com/news/caldera-systems-ceo-happy-with-1-billion-market-cap/ |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624234951/https://www.cnet.com/news/caldera-systems-ceo-happy-with-1-billion-market-cap/ |archive-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
 <ref name="Beale_2000">{{cite journal |author-first=Matthew |author-last=Beale |journal=ECommerce Times |publisher=ECT News Network, Inc. |date=2000-03-22 |title=Caldera IPO Marks First Linux Disappointment |url=http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/2797.html |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624235005/http://www.ecommercetimes.com/story/2797.html |archive-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>
-<ref name="Caldera_2001_KK">{{cite web |author=Business Editors/High-Tech Writers |title=Caldera Establishes Japanese Subsidiary -- Caldera K.K. -- With support from Fujitsu and Hitachi |location=Orem, UT, USA |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=2001-05-31 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Caldera+Establishes+Japanese+Subsidiary+--+Caldera+K.K.+--+With...-a075155990 |access-date=2011-09-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203191342/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Caldera+Establishes+Japanese+Subsidiary+--+Caldera+K.K.+--+With...-a075155990 |archive-date=2013-02-03}}</ref>
+<ref name="Caldera_2001_KK">{{cite web |author=((Business Editors/High-Tech Writers)) |title=Caldera Establishes Japanese Subsidiary -- Caldera K.K. -- With support from Fujitsu and Hitachi |location=Orem, UT, USA |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=2001-05-31 |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Caldera+Establishes+Japanese+Subsidiary+--+Caldera+K.K.+--+With...-a075155990 |access-date=2011-09-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203191342/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Caldera+Establishes+Japanese+Subsidiary+--+Caldera+K.K.+--+With...-a075155990 |archive-date=2013-02-03}}</ref>
-<ref name="Lea_1999_UK">{{cite newspaper |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |title=Caldera closes UK thin client development unit - Development being moved over to Utah |newspaper=[[The Register]] |publisher=[[Situation Publishing Ltd.]] |date=1999-04-27 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/04/27/caldera_closes_uk_thin_client/ |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625000425/https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/04/27/caldera_closes_uk_thin_client/ |archive-date=2017-06-25}}</ref>
+<ref name="Lea_1999_UK">{{cite news |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |title=Caldera closes UK thin client development unit - Development being moved over to Utah |newspaper=[[The Register]] |publisher=[[Situation Publishing Ltd.]] |date=1999-04-27 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/04/27/caldera_closes_uk_thin_client/ |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625000425/https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/04/27/caldera_closes_uk_thin_client/ |archive-date=2017-06-25}}</ref>
-<ref name="Lea_1999_Linux">{{cite newspaper |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |title=Caldera unveils simple install Linux system - No expertise claimed to be needed for OpenLinux 2.2 |newspaper=[[The Register]] |publisher=[[Situation Publishing Ltd.]] |date=1999-04-21 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/04/21/caldera_unveils_simple_install_linux/ |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625000434/https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/04/21/caldera_unveils_simple_install_linux/ |archive-date=2017-06-25}}</ref>
+<ref name="Lea_1999_Linux">{{cite news |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |title=Caldera unveils simple install Linux system - No expertise claimed to be needed for OpenLinux 2.2 |newspaper=[[The Register]] |publisher=[[Situation Publishing Ltd.]] |date=1999-04-21 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/04/21/caldera_unveils_simple_install_linux/ |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625000434/https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/04/21/caldera_unveils_simple_install_linux/ |archive-date=2017-06-25}}</ref>
-<ref name="Smith_1999_Lineo">{{cite newspaper |title=Caldera Thin Clients renamed to focus on embedded Linux - Lineo, Lineo -- wherefore art thou, Lineo? |author-first=Tony |author-last=Smith |date=1999-07-20 |newspaper=[[The Register]] |publisher=[[Situation Publishing Ltd.]] |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/07/20/caldera_thin_clients_renamed/ |access-date=2018-02-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822205953/https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/07/20/caldera_thin_clients_renamed/ |archive-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>
+<ref name="Smith_1999_Lineo">{{cite news |title=Caldera Thin Clients renamed to focus on embedded Linux - Lineo, Lineo -- wherefore art thou, Lineo? |author-first=Tony |author-last=Smith |date=1999-07-20 |newspaper=[[The Register]] |publisher=[[Situation Publishing Ltd.]] |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/07/20/caldera_thin_clients_renamed/ |access-date=2018-02-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822205953/https://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/07/20/caldera_thin_clients_renamed/ |archive-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>
 <ref name="Caldera_1999_Lineo">{{cite web |author=Caldera, Inc. |author-link=Caldera (company) |title=((Embedded Linux moved to top priority at Lineo, Inc. formerly known as Caldera Thin Clients, Inc.)) |type=Press release |date=1999-07-20 |location=Lindon, UT, USA |url=http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/lineoprl.html |access-date=2017-06-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625000805/http://www.maxframe.com/DR/Info/fullstory/lineoprl.html |archive-date=2017-06-25}}</ref>
 <ref name="Correia_2002">{{cite web |author-first=Edward J. |author-last=Correia |title=Lineo Is Now Embedix - New company releases SDK, dumps RTXC |publisher=[[SD Times]]: Software Development News |date=2002-07-01 |url=http://www.sdtimes.com/SearchResult/26605 |access-date=2012-04-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407072220/http://www.sdtimes.com/SearchResult/26605 |archive-date=2012-04-07}}</ref>
 <ref name="Metrowerks_2002">{{cite web |work=Linux Devices |title=SPECIAL REPORT: Motorola/Metrowerks acquires embedded Linux pioneer Lineo |date=2002-12-17 |publisher=[[Ziff Davis Enterprise Holdings Inc.]] |url=http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/SPECIAL-REPORT-MotorolaMetrowerks-acquires-embedded-Linux-pioneer-Lineo/ |access-date=2013-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128002713/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/SPECIAL-REPORT-MotorolaMetrowerks-acquires-embedded-Linux-pioneer-Lineo/ |archive-date=2013-01-28}}</ref>
-<ref name="Egbert_1998">{{cite news |title=Microsoft: Vorgetäuschter Bug legte DR-DOS lahm |language=de |author-first=Egbert |author-last=Meyer |date=1998-08-27 |work=[[Heise online]] |publisher=[[Verlag Heinz Heise]] |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Microsoft-Vorgetaeuschter-Bug-legte-DR-DOS-lahm-14173.html |access-date=2018-07-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714175147/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Microsoft-Vorgetaeuschter-Bug-legte-DR-DOS-lahm-14173.html |archive-date=2018-07-14}} [https://heise.de/-14173]</ref>
+<ref name="Egbert_1998">{{cite news |title=Microsoft: Vorgetäuschter Bug legte DR-DOS lahm |language=de |author-first=Egbert |author-last=Meyer |date=1998-08-27 |work=[[Heise Online]] |publisher=[[Verlag Heinz Heise]] |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Microsoft-Vorgetaeuschter-Bug-legte-DR-DOS-lahm-14173.html |access-date=2018-07-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714175147/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Microsoft-Vorgetaeuschter-Bug-legte-DR-DOS-lahm-14173.html |archive-date=2018-07-14}} [https://heise.de/-14173]</ref>
 <ref name="Microsoft_2009_Memorandum">{{cite web |title=Microsoft's memorandum in opposition to Novell's renewed motion for summary judgement on Microsoft's affirmative defenses and in support of Microsoft's cross-motion for summary judgement |author-first1=Richard J. |author-last1=Wallis |author-first2=Steven J. |author-last2=Aeschbacher |author-first3=Mark M. |author-last3=Bettilyon |author-first4=G. Stewar |author-last4=Webb, Jr. |author-first5=David B. |author-last5=Tulchin |author-first6=Steven L. |author-last6=Holley |date=2009-11-13 |location=United States District Court, District of Maryland |type=Court document |id=Novell, Inc. v. Microsoft Corporation, Civil Action No. JFM-05-1087 |page=16 |url=http://www.groklaw.net/pdf2/NovvMS-104-2.pdf |access-date=2018-08-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524154518/http://www.groklaw.net/pdf2/NovvMS-104-2.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-24 |quote=[…] [[Microsoft]] paid $280 million to Caldera to settle the case, and $35.5 million of the settlement proceeds were provided by Caldera to [[Novell]] as a so-called "royalty." […] Dissatisfied with that amount, Novell filed suit in June 2000 against Caldera (succeeded by [[The Canopy Group]]), alleging that Novell was entitled to even more. […] Novell ultimately prevailed, adding $17.7 million to its share of the monies paid by Microsoft to Caldera, for a total of more than $53 million […]}}</ref>
 <ref name="Caldera_Microsoft_2000_Settlement">{{cite web |title=Settlement agreement - Microsoft Corporation and Caldera, Inc. reach agreement to settle antitrust lawsuit |author-first1=Thomas W. |author-last1=Burt |author-first2=Bryan Wayne |author-last2=Sparks <!-- |author-link2=Bryan Wayne Sparks --> |date=2000-01-07 |id=Case 1:05-cv-01087-JFM, Document 104-8, Filed 2009-11-13; NOV00107061-NOV00107071; LT2288-LT2298; Lan12S311263739.1; Exhibit A |type=Faxed court document |url=http://www.groklaw.net/pdf2/NovvMS-104-8.pdf |access-date=2018-08-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704220659/http://groklaw.net/pdf2/NovvMS-104-8.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-04 |quote=[…] [[Microsoft]] will pay to Caldera, by wire transfer in accordance with written instructions provided by Caldera, the amount of two hundred eighty million dollars ($280,000,000), as full settlement of all claims or potential claims covered by this agreement […]}} (NB. This document of the ''[[Caldera v. Microsoft]]'' case was an exhibit in the ''Novell v. Microsoft'' and ''[[Comes v. Microsoft]]'' cases.)</ref>
 <ref name="Gomes_2000_Settlement">{{cite news |title=Microsoft Will Pay $275 Million To Settle Lawsuit From Caldera |author-first=Lee |author-last=Gomes |date=2000-01-11 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |issn=0099-9660 |edition=English print |publisher=[[Dow Jones & Company, Inc.]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB947543007415899052 |access-date=2019-11-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231130504/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB947543007415899052 |archive-date=2016-12-31 |quote=[[Microsoft Corp.]] agreed to pay an estimated $275 million to settle an antitrust lawsuit by Caldera Inc., heading off a trial that was likely to air nasty allegations from a decade ago. […] Microsoft and Caldera, a small Salt Lake City software company that brought the suit in 1996, didn't disclose terms of the settlement. Microsoft, though, said it would take a charge of three cents a share for the agreement in the fiscal third quarter ending March 31 […] the company has roughly 5.5 billion shares outstanding […]}}</ref>
-<ref name="Hughes_1996_CND">{{cite magazine |title=Caldera Network Desktop 1.0 |author-first=Phil |author-last=Hughes |date=1996-06-01 |number=26 |magazine=[[Linux Journal]] |publisher=[[Specialized System Consultants, Inc.]] (SSC) |issn=1075-3583 |url=https://nnc3.com/mags/LJ_1994-2014/LJ/026/0117.html |access-date=2018-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180805090434/https://nnc3.com/mags/LJ_1994-2014/LJ/026/0117.html |archive-date=2018-08-05}} [https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/117]</ref>
-<ref name="Bantle_2017">{{cite magazine |title=Linux-Distributionen und frühe Protagonisten aus Deutschland |author-first=Ulrich |author-last=Bantle |language=de |date=October 2017 |volume=2017 |issue=10 |magazine=[[Linux Magazin]] |issn=1432-640X |publisher=[[Computec Media GmbH]] |url=http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2017/10/linux-in-deutschland/ |access-date=2018-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180805102242/http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2017/10/linux-in-deutschland/ |archive-date=2018-08-05}} [https://archive.today/20180805102906/http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2017/10/linux-in-deutschland/2/] [https://archive.today/20180805103029/http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2017/10/linux-in-deutschland/3/]</ref>
+<ref name="Bantle_2017">{{cite magazine |title=Linux-Distributionen und frühe Protagonisten aus Deutschland |author-first=Ulrich |author-last=Bantle |language=de |date=October 2017 |volume=2017 |issue=10 |magazine=[[Linux Magazin]] |issn=1432-640X |publisher=[[Computec Media GmbH]] |url=http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2017/10/linux-in-deutschland/ |access-date=2018-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180805102906/http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2017/10/linux-in-deutschland/2/ |archive-date=2018-08-05  }}</ref>
-<ref name="Brors_1997">{{cite news |title=Caldera OpenLinux und StarOffice im Bundle |language=de |date=1997-02-20 |author-first=Dieter |author-last=Brors |work=[[Heise online]] |publisher=[[Verlag Heinz Heise]] |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Caldera-OpenLinux-und-StarOffice-im-Bundle-8904.html |access-date=2018-08-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808173039/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Caldera-OpenLinux-und-StarOffice-im-Bundle-8904.html |archive-date=2018-08-08}}</ref>
+<ref name="Brors_1997">{{cite news |title=Caldera OpenLinux und StarOffice im Bundle |language=de |date=1997-02-20 |author-first=Dieter |author-last=Brors |work=[[Heise Online]] |publisher=[[Verlag Heinz Heise]] |url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Caldera-OpenLinux-und-StarOffice-im-Bundle-8904.html |access-date=2018-08-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808173039/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Caldera-OpenLinux-und-StarOffice-im-Bundle-8904.html |archive-date=2018-08-08}}</ref>
-<ref name="CW_1997">{{cite journal |title=Produkt-Telegramme: Star Office 3.1 für Linux portiert |language=de |date=1997-05-16 |journal=[[Computerwoche]] |volume= |issue= |publisher=[[Computerwoche Verlag GmbH]] |issn=0170-5121 |id={{ZDB|519907-4}} |url=https://www.computerwoche.de/a/produkt-telegramme,1098774 |access-date=2018-08-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806122733/https://www.computerwoche.de/a/produkt-telegramme,1098774 |archive-date=2018-08-06}}</ref>
+<ref name="CW_1997">{{cite journal |title=Produkt-Telegramme: Star Office 3.1 für Linux portiert |language=de |date=1997-05-16 |journal=[[Computerwoche]] |publisher=[[Computerwoche Verlag GmbH]] |issn=0170-5121 |id={{ZDB|519907-4}} |url=https://www.computerwoche.de/a/produkt-telegramme,1098774 |access-date=2018-08-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806122733/https://www.computerwoche.de/a/produkt-telegramme,1098774 |archive-date=2018-08-06}}</ref>
-<ref name="Strobl_2003">{{cite magazine |title=Der Gründer über Gestern, Heute und Linux |language=de |author-first=Rudolf |author-last=Strobl |date=January 2003 |volume=2003 |issue=1 |id=<!-- |number= -->100 |magazine=[[Linux Magazin]] |issn=1432-640X |publisher={{ill|Linux New Media{{!}}Linux New Media AG|de|Linux New Media AG}} |url=http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2003/01/lebens-laeufe/ |access-date=2018-08-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180808172643/http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2003/01/lebens-laeufe/ |archive-date=2018-08-08}} [https://archive.today/20180808172515/http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2003/01/lebens-laeufe/2/]</ref>
+<ref name="Strobl_2003">{{cite magazine |title=Der Gründer über Gestern, Heute und Linux |language=de |author-first=Rudolf |author-last=Strobl |date=January 2003 |volume=2003 |issue=1 |id=<!-- |number= -->100 |magazine=[[Linux Magazin]] |issn=1432-640X |publisher={{ill|Linux New Media{{!}}Linux New Media AG|de|Linux New Media AG}} |url=http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2003/01/lebens-laeufe/ |access-date=2018-08-08 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180808172515/http://www.linux-magazin.de/ausgaben/2003/01/lebens-laeufe/2/ |archive-date=2018-08-08  }}</ref>
-<ref name="Leon_1996_Caldera">{{cite newspaper |title=Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Antitrust suit against Microsoft |author-first=Mark |author-last=Leon |series=News |date=1996-07-29 |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |publisher=[[InfoWorld Publishing Co.]] |volume=18 |issue=31 |issn=0199-6649 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PP1 |access-date=2020-02-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208123222/https://books.google.de/books?id=Jj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PP1&focus=viewport&hl=de#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2020-02-08}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Jj0EAAAAMBAJ/page/n6/mode/1up]; {{cite newspaper |title=Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Microsoft's response: lawsuit is 'ironic and sad' |author-first=Mark |author-last=Leon |date=1996-07-29 |newspaper=[[Computerworld New Zealand]] |issn=0113-1494 |id=CMPWNZ |volume=<!-- different from US issue --> |number=<!-- different from US issue --> |publisher=[[IDG Communications]] |page= |url=https://www.computerworld.co.nz/article/519730/caldera_reopens_settled_suit_buys_dr_dos/ |access-date=2018-02-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823043437/https://www.computerworld.co.nz/article/519730/caldera_reopens_settled_suit_buys_dr_dos/ |archive-date=2018-08-23}} <!-- This article cannot be found in the US issue of Computerworld |issn=0010-4841 |volume=30 |number=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrz6PIR7f0oC --></ref>
+<ref name="Leon_1996_Caldera">{{cite news |title=Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Antitrust suit against Microsoft |author-first=Mark |author-last=Leon |series=News |date=1996-07-29 |newspaper=[[InfoWorld]] |publisher=[[InfoWorld Publishing Co.]] |volume=18 |issue=31 |issn=0199-6649 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3 |access-date=2020-02-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208123222/https://books.google.de/books?id=Jj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3&lpg=PP1&focus=viewport&hl=de |archive-date=2020-02-08}} [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Jj0EAAAAMBAJ/page/n6/mode/1up]; {{cite news |title=Caldera reopens 'settled' suit, buys DR DOS — Microsoft's response: lawsuit is 'ironic and sad' |author-first=Mark |author-last=Leon |date=1996-07-29 |newspaper=[[Computerworld New Zealand]] |issn=0113-1494 |id=CMPWNZ |volume=<!-- different from US issue --> |number=<!-- different from US issue --> |publisher=[[IDG Communications]] |url=https://www.computerworld.co.nz/article/519730/caldera_reopens_settled_suit_buys_dr_dos/ |access-date=2018-02-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823043437/https://www.computerworld.co.nz/article/519730/caldera_reopens_settled_suit_buys_dr_dos/ |archive-date=2018-08-23}} <!-- This article cannot be found in the US issue of Computerworld |issn=0010-4841 |volume=30 |number=31 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrz6PIR7f0oC --></ref>
 <ref name="Metrowerks_2002_Embedix">{{cite web |title=Metrowerks to Expand Embedded Linux Tools and Solutions Offerings Through Embedix Asset Acquisition - Company to Add Embedix Tools and Technology to Integrated Development Platforms for PDAs, Smart Handheld Devices, Residential Gateways, Digital TVs |date=2002-12-17 |location=Austin, TX & Lindon, UT, USA |publisher=[[Metrowerks]] |url=http://www.metrowerks.com:80/mw/news/default.asp?PR=430 |access-date=2019-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021223063123/http://www.metrowerks.com/mw/news/default.asp?PR=430 |archive-date=2002-12-23}}</ref>
 <ref name="Metrowerks_2002_Web">{{cite web |title=Embedix Technology |publisher=[[Metrowerks]] |date=2002-12-23 |url=http://www.metrowerks.com:80/MW/Develop/Embedded/Emb_Linux/Strategy.htm |access-date=2019-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021223215036/http://www.metrowerks.com/MW/Develop/Embedded/Emb_Linux/Strategy.htm |archive-date=2002-12-23}}</ref>
-<ref name="Lea_1998_Satellite">{{cite newspaper |title=Caldera's DR gets OnSatellite of love - Service to offer voice, email and smartie cards |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |date=1998-09-28 |newspaper=[[The Register]] |publisher=[[Situation Publishing Ltd.]] |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/1998/09/28/caldera_s_dr_gets_onsatellite/ |access-date=2018-02-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822214838/https://www.theregister.co.uk/1998/09/28/caldera_s_dr_gets_onsatellite/ |archive-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>
+<ref name="Lea_1998_Satellite">{{cite news |title=Caldera's DR gets OnSatellite of love - Service to offer voice, email and smartie cards |author-first=Graham |author-last=Lea |author-link=Graham Lea (journalist) |date=1998-09-28 |newspaper=[[The Register]] |publisher=[[Situation Publishing Ltd.]] |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/1998/09/28/caldera_s_dr_gets_onsatellite/ |access-date=2018-02-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822214838/https://www.theregister.co.uk/1998/09/28/caldera_s_dr_gets_onsatellite/ |archive-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>
-<ref name="Caldera_1996_OpenSource">{{cite web |title=Caldera announces open source code model for DOS - DR DOS + the Internet = Caldera OpenDOS |editor-first1=Lyle |editor-last1=Ball <!-- |editor-link1=Lyle Ball --> |editor-first2=Nancy |editor-last2=Pomeroy |date=1996-09-10 |publisher=Caldera, Inc. |location=Provo, UT, USA |url=http://caldera.com:80/news/pr002.html |access-date=2019-06-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961018220910/http://caldera.com/news/pr002.html |archive-date=1996-10-18}}</ref>
-<ref name="Dover_1997_Caldera">{{cite web |title=Dover acquires Caldera Graphics |location=Downers Grove, IL, USA |date=1999-04-06 |orig-year=1997-04-05 |publisher=[[Dover Corporation]] |url=https://www.caldera.com/dover-acquires-caldera-graphics/ |access-date=2018-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826114337/https://www.caldera.com/dover-acquires-caldera-graphics/ |archive-date=2018-08-26}}</ref>
+<ref name="Dover_1997_Caldera">{{cite web |title=Dover acquires Caldera Graphics |location=Downers Grove, IL, USA |date=1999-04-06 |orig-date=1997-04-05 |publisher=[[Dover Corporation]] |url=https://www.caldera.com/dover-acquires-caldera-graphics/ |access-date=2018-08-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826114337/https://www.caldera.com/dover-acquires-caldera-graphics/ |archive-date=2018-08-26}}</ref>
-<ref name="Jemmett_1999">{{cite web |work=Deltasoft - GEM News |title=Caldera releases GEM under the GPL |date=April 1999 |author-first=Ben A. L. |author-last=Jemmett |url=http://www.deltasoft.com/news.htm |access-date=2016-11-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107145947/http://www.deltasoft.com/news.htm |archive-date=2016-11-07 |quote=[[Caldera Thin Clients, Inc.]] released the source code for [[Graphics Environment Manager|GEM]] and [[ViewMAX]] under the [[GNU Public License]] in mid April, following years of speculation over GEM's future. Caldera bought the GEM sources from [[Novell]] along with the [[DR-DOS]] in 1996<!-- correct: 1996, not 1997! -->, at the time noting that they may develop GEM into a platform for mobile computers and thin clients. However, these plans were dropped, and GEM was instead released into the open-source community.}}</ref>
+<ref name="Jemmett_1999">{{cite web |work=Deltasoft - GEM News |title=Caldera releases GEM under the GPL |date=April 1999 |author-first=Ben A. L. |author-last=Jemmett |url=http://www.deltasoft.com/news.htm |access-date=2016-11-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107145947/http://www.deltasoft.com/news.htm |archive-date=2016-11-07 |quote=[[Caldera Thin Clients, Inc.]] released the source code for [[Graphics Environment Manager|GEM]] and [[ViewMAX]] under the [[GNU General Public License|GNU Public License]] in mid April, following years of speculation over GEM's future. Caldera bought the GEM sources from [[Novell]] along with the [[DR-DOS]] in 1996<!-- correct: 1996, not 1997! -->, at the time noting that they may develop GEM into a platform for mobile computers and thin clients. However, these plans were dropped, and GEM was instead released into the open-source community.}}</ref>
 <ref name="Olmstead_1997_1">{{cite newsgroup |author-first=Tim |author-last=Olmstead |author-link=Tim Olmstead (CP/M) |title=CP/M Web site needs a host |date=1997-08-10 |newsgroup=comp.os.cpm |url=https://z80cpu.eu/files/archive/news/comp.os.cpm/threads/e088021c97ffcb09.html |access-date=2018-09-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901022510/http://z80cpu.eu/files/archive/news/comp.os.cpm/threads/e088021c97ffcb09.html |archive-date=2017-09-01}}</ref>
 <ref name="Olmstead_1997_2">{{cite newsgroup |author-first=Tim |author-last=Olmstead |author-link=Tim Olmstead (CP/M) |title=ANNOUNCE: Caldera CP/M site is now up |date=1997-08-29 |newsgroup=comp.os.cpm |url=https://z80cpu.eu/roche-pages/78-data-articles/projects/75-comp-os-cpm |access-date=2018-09-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901150920/http://z80cpu.eu/roche-pages/78-data-articles/projects/75-comp-os-cpm |archive-date=2017-09-01}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20011006110826/http://cdl.uta.edu/cpm]</ref>
-<ref name="Caldera_1997_CP/M">{{cite web |title=License Agreement |publisher=[[Caldera, Inc.]] |date=1997-08-28 |url=http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/archive/unofficial/lisence.html |access-date=2018-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180908191417/http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/archive/unofficial/lisence.html |archive-date=2018-09-08}} [ftp://ftp.uni-bayreuth.de/pub/pc/caldera/cpm2.2/README.license.txt] [ftp://ftp.uni-bayreuth.de/pub/pc/caldera/cpm2.2/]</ref>
+<ref name="Caldera_1997_CP/M">{{cite web |title=License Agreement |publisher=[[Caldera, Inc.]] |date=1997-08-28 |url=http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/archive/unofficial/lisence.html |access-date=2018-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180908191417/http://www.retroarchive.org/cpm/archive/unofficial/lisence.html |archive-date=2018-09-08 }} [ftp://ftp.uni-bayreuth.de/pub/pc/caldera/cpm2.2/README.license.txt]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [ftp://ftp.uni-bayreuth.de/pub/pc/caldera/cpm2.2/]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
 <ref name="Sparks_2001_CP/M">{{cite web |title=License agreement for the CP/M material presented on this site |author-first=Bryan Wayne |author-last=Sparks <!-- |author-link=Bryan Wayne Sparks --> |editor-first=Gabriele "Gaby" |editor-last=Chaudry |date=2001-10-19 |publisher=[[Lineo, Inc.]] |url=http://www.cpm.z80.de/license.html |access-date=2018-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914020857/http://www.cpm.z80.de/license.html |archive-date=2015-09-14 |quote=[…] Let this email represent a right to use, distribute, modify, enhance and otherwise make available in a nonexclusive manner the [[CP/M]] technology as part of the "Unofficial CP/M Web Site" with its maintainers, developers and community. I further state that as Chairman and CEO of [[Lineo, Inc.]] that I have the right to do offer such a license. […] Bryan Sparks […]}}</ref>
 <ref name="Chaudry_2001_CP/M">{{cite web |title=The Unofficial CP/M Web Site |editor-first=Gabriele "Gaby" |editor-last=Chaudry |url=http://www.cpm.z80.de/ |access-date=2016-02-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203184144/http://www.cpm.z80.de/ |archive-date=2016-02-03}}</ref>
-<ref name="Gasperson_2001_Collection">{{cite newspaper |title=CP/M collection is back online with an Open Source licence - Walk down memory lane |author-first=Tina |author-last=Gasperson |newspaper=[[The Register]] |publisher=[[Situation Publishing Ltd.]] |date=2001-11-26 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/11/26/cp_m_collection_is_back/ |access-date=2001-11-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901000720/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/11/26/cp_m_collection_is_back/ |archive-date=2017-09-01}}</ref>
+<ref name="Gasperson_2001_Collection">{{cite news |title=CP/M collection is back online with an Open Source licence - Walk down memory lane |author-first=Tina |author-last=Gasperson |newspaper=[[The Register]] |publisher=[[Situation Publishing Ltd.]] |date=2001-11-26 |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/11/26/cp_m_collection_is_back/ |access-date=2001-11-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901000720/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/11/26/cp_m_collection_is_back/ |archive-date=2017-09-01}}</ref>
 <ref name="Swaine_2004_CP/M">{{cite magazine |title=CP/M and DRM |author-first=Michael |author-last=Swaine |author-link=Michael Swaine (technical author) |date=2004-06-01 |magazine=[[Dr. Dobb's Journal]] |volume=29 |issue=6 |id=<!-- |number= -->#361 |publisher=[[CMP Media LLC]] |pages=71–73 |url=http://www.drdobbs.com/cpm-and-drm/184405699 |access-date=2018-09-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909035748/http://www.drdobbs.com/cpm-and-drm/184405699 |archive-date=2018-09-09}} [https://epdf.pub/dr-dobbs-journal-june.html]</ref>
-<ref name="Richardson_1999_Ball">{{cite magazine |title=Interview: Lyle Ball, Lineo |editor-first=Marjorie "Margie" |editor-last=Richardson |author-first=Lyle |author-last=Ball <!-- |author-link=Lyle Ball --> |date=1999-10-01 |orig-year=1999-08-04 |number=66 |magazine=[[Linux Journal]] |publisher=[[Specialized System Consultants, Inc.]] (SSC) |issn=1075-3583 |url=https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3656 |access-date=2019-06-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213160947/https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3656 |archive-date=2017-12-13 |quote=[…] We […] have very deep experience with embedding [[DR&nbsp;DOS]], and we've been making millions from that. So we are in a unique position: we are not a startup and we have funding. Our DOS product paid for all our [[R&D]] on embedded [[Linux]]. […] we are […] evolving our focus from an embedded DOS-only company to an [[embedded Linux]] company. […] We are not killing our DOS product immediately […] However, there has been an increasing demand for embedded Linux. So we are shifting our focus and renaming the company to match our longer-term revenue stream, which will be Linux-based […] as the market has requested us to do […] We will keep selling both technologies during the transition. […]}} [https://nnc3.com/mags/LJ_1994-2014/LJ/066/3656.html]</ref>
+<ref name="Richardson_1999_Ball">{{cite magazine |title=Interview: Lyle Ball, Lineo |editor-first=Marjorie "Margie" |editor-last=Richardson |author-first=Lyle |author-last=Ball <!-- |author-link=Lyle Ball --> |date=1999-10-01 |orig-date=1999-08-04 |number=66 |magazine=[[Linux Journal]] |publisher=[[Specialized System Consultants, Inc.]] (SSC) |issn=1075-3583 |url=https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3656 |access-date=2019-06-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213160947/https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3656 |archive-date=2017-12-13 |quote=[…] We […] have very deep experience with embedding [[DR&nbsp;DOS]], and we've been making millions from that. So we are in a unique position: we are not a startup and we have funding. Our DOS product paid for all our [[R&D]] on embedded [[Linux]]. […] we are […] evolving our focus from an embedded DOS-only company to an [[embedded Linux]] company. […] We are not killing our DOS product immediately […] However, there has been an increasing demand for embedded Linux. So we are shifting our focus and renaming the company to match our longer-term revenue stream, which will be Linux-based […] as the market has requested us to do […] We will keep selling both technologies during the transition. […] }} [https://nnc3.com/mags/LJ_1994-2014/LJ/066/3656.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114072259/https://nnc3.com/mags/LJ_1994-2014/LJ/066/3656.html |date=2020-01-14  }}</ref>
 <ref name="Collins_2000">{{cite web |title=Settlement fuels Caldera 'family' - Orem company is 'settling up' with spinoffs thriving |date=2000-01-16 |newspaper=[[Deseret News]] |author-first1=Lois M. |author-last1=Collins |author-first2=Jenifer |author-last2=Nii |url=https://www.deseret.com/2000/1/16/19486018/settlement-fuels-caldera-family-br-orem-company-is-settling-up-with-spinoffs-thriving |access-date=2019-11-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191130200831/https://www.deseret.com/2000/1/16/19486018/settlement-fuels-caldera-family-br-orem-company-is-settling-up-with-spinoffs-thriving |archive-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>
-<ref name="Caldera_1998_Broschure">{{cite web |title=Caldera DR-WebSpyder Graphical DOS Web Browser - A fully customizable, low system requirement Internet Browser for Information Kiosks, Network Computers, Internet Set-top Boxes, Compact embedded devices with display |type=Product broschure |date=1998 |publisher=Caldera, Inc., [[Caldera DR-DOS Division]] |id=3-DRW03EZXXZ-WEBS |url=https://geekhaus-space-prod-shared.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/mirrors/legacy.archive.browsers.evolt.org/dr-webspyder/2.0/drwsbroh.pdf |access-date=2020-02-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208192339/https://geekhaus-space-prod-shared.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/mirrors/legacy.archive.browsers.evolt.org/dr-webspyder/2.0/drwsbroh.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-08}} [https://ia600702.us.archive.org/14/items/dr-webspyder-evolt_browsers/2.0/drwsbroh.pdf][https://web.archive.org/web/20200208192339/https://geekhaus-space-prod-shared.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/mirrors/legacy.archive.browsers.evolt.org/dr-webspyder/2.0/drwsbro.pdf<!-- a lower-resolution version -->] (4 pages)</ref>
+<ref name="Caldera_1998_Broschure">{{cite web |title=Caldera DR-WebSpyder Graphical DOS Web Browser - A fully customizable, low system requirement Internet Browser for Information Kiosks, Network Computers, Internet Set-top Boxes, Compact embedded devices with display |type=Product broschure |date=1998 |publisher=Caldera, Inc., [[Caldera DR-DOS Division]] |id=3-DRW03EZXXZ-WEBS |url=https://geekhaus-space-prod-shared.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/mirrors/legacy.archive.browsers.evolt.org/dr-webspyder/2.0/drwsbroh.pdf |access-date=2020-02-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208192339/https://geekhaus-space-prod-shared.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/mirrors/legacy.archive.browsers.evolt.org/dr-webspyder/2.0/drwsbroh.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-08}} [https://archive.org/download/dr-webspyder-evolt_browsers/drwsbroh.pdf][https://web.archive.org/web/20200208192339/https://geekhaus-space-prod-shared.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/mirrors/legacy.archive.browsers.evolt.org/dr-webspyder/2.0/drwsbro.pdf<!-- a lower-resolution version -->] (4 pages)</ref>
 }}
 ==Further reading==
-* {{cite web |title=Stock Options at Caldera - Case-2016-02-Caldera-Stock-Options |author-first1=Maria |author-last1=del Carmen Romero Aranibar |author-first2=Dirk |author-last2=Riehle |editor-first1=Dirk |editor-last1=Riehle |editor-first2=Grace |editor-last2=Ting |type=Teaching case from Product Management by Case (PMBY) collection |orig-year=2016, 2017, 2018 |publisher=[[Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg]] |date=2018-08-07 |url=https://dirkriehle.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Case-2016-02-Stock-Options-at-Caldera.pdf |access-date=2018-08-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825134206/https://dirkriehle.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Case-2016-02-Stock-Options-at-Caldera.pdf |archive-date=2018-08-25}} See also: [http://pmbycase.com]
+* {{cite web |title=Stock Options at Caldera - Case-2016-02-Caldera-Stock-Options |author-first1=Maria |author-last1=del Carmen Romero Aranibar |author-first2=Dirk |author-last2=Riehle |editor-first1=Dirk |editor-last1=Riehle |editor-first2=Grace |editor-last2=Ting |type=Teaching case from Product Management by Case (PMBY) collection |orig-date=2016, 2017, 2018 |publisher=[[Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg]] |date=2018-08-07 |url=https://dirkriehle.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Case-2016-02-Stock-Options-at-Caldera.pdf |access-date=2018-08-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825134206/https://dirkriehle.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Case-2016-02-Stock-Options-at-Caldera.pdf |archive-date=2018-08-25}} See also: [http://pmbycase.com]
 * {{cite web |title=Caldera Systems, Inc. 1998 Stock Option Plan |date=1998 |publisher=[[Caldera Systems, Inc.]] |via=OneCle |url=https://contracts.onecle.com/sco/sop1998.shtml |access-date=2019-11-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625111919/http://contracts.onecle.com/sco/sop1998.shtml |archive-date=2017-06-25}}
 * {{cite web |title=((Stock Purchase and Sale Agreement - Lineo Inc. and Caldera Systems Inc.)) |date=2000-01-06 |via=FindLaw |url=https://corporate.findlaw.com/contracts/planning/stock-purchase-and-sale-agreement-lineo-inc-and-caldera.html |access-date=2019-11-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219062335/http://corporate.findlaw.com/contracts/planning/stock-purchase-and-sale-agreement-lineo-inc-and-caldera.html |archive-date=2017-12-19}}
+* {{cite web |title=Lawsuit |publisher=Caldera, Inc. |date=1998–2000 |url=http://www.drdos.com/lawsuit.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000711044222/http://www.drdos.com/lawsuit.html |archive-date=2000-07-11}} (NB. Caldera's public lawsuit documents.)
+* {{cite web |title=Microsoft and Caldera, Inc. |publisher=[[Microsoft Corporation]] |work=Presspass |date=1999–2000 |url=http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/caldera/default.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816202918/http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/caldera/default.asp |archive-date=2000-08-16}} (NB. Microsoft's public lawsuit documents.)
 ==External links==
-* Caldera, Inc. (archived web site <tt>caldera.com</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19961018062614/http://www.caldera.com 1996-10-18] to [https://web.archive.org/web/19990420233748/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 1999-04-30])<!-- afterwards this site was used by Caldera Systems, Inc. and successors -->
+* Caldera, Inc. (archived web site <code>caldera.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19961018062614/http://www.caldera.com 1996-10-18]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/19990420233748/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 1999-04-30]{{cbignore}})<!-- afterwards this site was used by Caldera Systems, Inc. and successors -->
-* [[Caldera UK Ltd.]] (archived web site <tt>caldera.co.uk</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19971221114120/http://caldera.co.uk/ 1997-12-21] to [https://web.archive.org/web/19991012020655/http://caldera.co.uk/ 1999-10-12])
+* [[Caldera UK Ltd.]] (archived web site <code>caldera.co.uk</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19971221114120/http://caldera.co.uk/ 1997-12-21]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/19991012020655/http://caldera.co.uk/ 1999-10-12]{{cbignore}})
-* Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. (archived web site <tt>calderathin.com</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19990117020901/http://www.calderathin.com:80/index.html 1999-01-17] to [https://web.archive.org/web/19991105022455/http://www.calderathin.com:80/index.html 1999-11-05]) and [[Lineo, Inc.]] (archived web site <tt>calderathin.com</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19991012115941/http://www.calderathin.com:80/index.html 1999-10-12] to [https://web.archive.org/web/19991105022455/http://www.calderathin.com:80/index.html 1999-11-05], <tt>lineo.com</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20000510191730/http://www.lineo.com 2000-05-10] to [https://web.archive.org/web/20030320173318/http://www.lineo.com:80/ 2003-03-20] and <tt>embedix.com</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20020603015608/http://www.embedix.com/ 2002-06-03] to [https://web.archive.org/web/20030220201424/http://www.embedix.com/ 2003-02-20])
+* Caldera Thin Clients, Inc. (archived web site <code>calderathin.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19990117020901/http://www.calderathin.com:80/index.html 1999-01-17]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/19991105022455/http://www.calderathin.com:80/index.html 1999-11-05]{{cbignore}}) and [[Lineo, Inc.]] (archived web site <code>calderathin.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19991012115941/http://www.calderathin.com:80/index.html 1999-10-12]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/19991105022455/http://www.calderathin.com:80/index.html 1999-11-05]{{cbignore}}, <code>lineo.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20000510191730/http://www.lineo.com 2000-05-10]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20030320173318/http://www.lineo.com:80/ 2003-03-20]{{cbignore}} and <code>embedix.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20020603015608/http://www.embedix.com/ 2002-06-03]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20030220201424/http://www.embedix.com/ 2003-02-20]{{cbignore}})
-* [[Caldera Systems, Inc.]] (archived web site <tt>calderasystems.com</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19990117001108/http://www.calderasystems.com:80/index.html 1999-01-17] to [https://web.archive.org/web/20010405065000/http://www.calderasystems.com:80/index.html 2001-04-05] and <tt>caldera.com</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20000229082302/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2000-02-29] to [https://web.archive.org/web/20001217121000/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2000-12-17]), Caldera Holdings (archived web site <tt>caldera.com</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20010118205000/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2001-01-18] to [https://web.archive.org/web/20010302094922/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2001-03-02]), [[Caldera International, Inc.]] (archived web site <tt>caldera.com</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20010330202130/http://caldera.com:80/ 2001-03-30] to [https://web.archive.org/web/20020825033351/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2002-08-25]) and [[The SCO Group]] (archived web site <tt>caldera.com</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20020914044855/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2002-09-14] to [https://web.archive.org/web/20040901104357/http://caldera.com:80/ 2004-09-01] and <tt>sco.com</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20010508190729/http://www.sco.com:80/ 2001-05-08])
+* [[Caldera Systems, Inc.]] (archived web site <code>calderasystems.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19990117001108/http://www.calderasystems.com:80/index.html 1999-01-17]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20010405065000/http://www.calderasystems.com:80/index.html 2001-04-05]{{cbignore}} and <code>caldera.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20000229082302/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2000-02-29]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20001217121000/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2000-12-17]{{cbignore}}), Caldera Holdings (archived web site <code>caldera.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20010118205000/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2001-01-18]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20010302094922/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2001-03-02]{{cbignore}}), [[Caldera International, Inc.]] (archived web site <code>caldera.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20010330202130/http://caldera.com:80/ 2001-03-30]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20020825033351/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2002-08-25]{{cbignore}}) and [[The SCO Group]] (archived web site <code>caldera.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20020914044855/http://www.caldera.com:80/ 2002-09-14]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20040901104357/http://caldera.com:80/ 2004-09-01]{{cbignore}} and <code>sco.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20010508190729/http://www.sco.com:80/ 2001-05-08]{{cbignore}})
-* LST Software GmbH (archived web site <tt>lst.de</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19970111070419/http://www.lst.de:80/ 1997-01-11] to [https://web.archive.org/web/19971211154307/http://www.lst.de:80/ 1997-12-11]), Caldera Deutschland GmbH (archived web site <tt>lst.de</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19981201211743/http://www.lst.de:80/ 1998-12-01] to [https://web.archive.org/web/20001024194003/http://www.lst.de:80/ 2000-01-02] and <tt>caldera.de</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20000413062942/http://www.caldera.de/ 2000-04-13] to 2001<!-- end not exactly known -->) and LST&nbsp;- Verein zur Förderung freier Software (archived web site <tt>lst.de</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20010331143328/http://www.lst.de:80/ 2001-03-31])
+* LST Software GmbH (archived web site <code>lst.de</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19970111070419/http://www.lst.de:80/ 1997-01-11]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/19971211154307/http://www.lst.de:80/ 1997-12-11]{{cbignore}}), Caldera Deutschland GmbH (archived web site <code>lst.de</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19981201211743/http://www.lst.de:80/ 1998-12-01]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20001024194003/http://www.lst.de:80/ 2000-01-02]{{cbignore}} and <code>caldera.de</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20000413062942/http://www.caldera.de/ 2000-04-13]{{cbignore}} to 2001<!-- end not exactly known -->) and LST&nbsp;- Verein zur Förderung freier Software (archived web site <code>lst.de</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20010331143328/http://www.lst.de:80/ 2001-03-31]{{cbignore}})
-* Caldera Graphics (archived web site <tt>caldera.fr</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19961223002753/http://www.caldera.fr:80/ 1996-12-23] to [https://web.archive.org/web/20070304151319/http://www.caldera.fr:80/ 2007-03-04], <tt>caldera.eu</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20070322234718/http://www.caldera.eu:80/en/index_en.php 2007-03-27] to [https://web.archive.org/web/20110614033954/http://www.caldera.eu:80/en/index_en.php 2011-06-14] and <tt>caldera.com</tt> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717123107/http://www.caldera.com/en/index_en.php 2011-07-17] to [https://web.archive.org/web/20120107142330/http://www.caldera.com/en/index_en.php 2012-01-07] and from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120502040330/http://www.caldera.com/ 2012-05-02]<!-- to [https://web.archive.org/web/20180308022517/http://www.caldera.com/ 2018-03-08] -->)
+* Caldera Graphics (archived web site <code>caldera.fr</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/19961223002753/http://www.caldera.fr:80/ 1996-12-23]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20070304151319/http://www.caldera.fr:80/ 2007-03-04]{{cbignore}}, <code>caldera.eu</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20070322234718/http://www.caldera.eu:80/en/index_en.php 2007-03-27]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20110614033954/http://www.caldera.eu:80/en/index_en.php 2011-06-14]{{cbignore}} and <code>caldera.com</code> from [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717123107/http://www.caldera.com/en/index_en.php 2011-07-17]{{cbignore}} to [https://web.archive.org/web/20120107142330/http://www.caldera.com/en/index_en.php 2012-01-07]{{cbignore}} and from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120502040330/http://www.caldera.com/ 2012-05-02]{{cbignore}}<!-- to [https://web.archive.org/web/20180308022517/http://www.caldera.com/ 2018-03-08]{{cbignore}} -->)
+{{authority control}}
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Caldera}}
-[[Category:Computer companies of the United States]]
+[[Category:Caldera (company)| ]]
-[[Category:Defunct software companies]]
+[[Category:1994 establishments in Utah]]
-[[Category:Companies established in 1994]]
+[[Category:2002 disestablishments in Utah]]
+[[Category:Defunct software companies of the United States]]
+[[Category:American companies established in 1994]]
+[[Category:American companies disestablished in 2002]]
 [[Category:Defunct companies based in Utah]]
 [[Category:Linux companies]]
-[[Category:Caldera (company)]]
+[[Category:Software companies established in 1994]]
-[[Category:1994 establishments in Utah]]
+[[Category:Software companies disestablished in 2002]]
 [[de:Caldera (Unternehmen)]]