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The Prison Window by John Phillip depicting a Romani family in Spain during the Great Gypsy Round-up.

The Great Gypsy Round-up (Spanish: Gran Redada de Gitanos), also known as the general imprisonment of the Gypsies (prisión general de gitanos), was a raid authorized and organized by the Spanish Monarchy that led to the arrest of most Roma in the region and the genocide of 12,000 Romani people.[1] Although a majority were released after a few months, many others spent several years imprisoned and subject to forced labor.[2] The raid was approved by the King Ferdinand VI of Spain, and organized by the Marquis of Ensenada, and set in motion simultaneously across Spain on 30 July 1749.[3]

Since a royal edict by Charles II in 1695, Spanish Romani had been restricted to certain towns.[4] An official edict in 1717 restricted them to only 75 towns and districts, so that they would not be concentrated in any one region.

Organization

Marquis de la Ensenada, Royal Minister who organized the roundup.

The plans for the roundup were developed in secrecy. The Marquis of Ensenada developed a plan to arrest the Romani population of Spain and expel them to the colonies in the Americas.[5] He foresaw the obstacle of asylum being sought in churches under the law of sanctuary, so with the aid of Cardinal Valenti, the papal nuncio to Spain,[6] they were able to get pope Benedict XIV to grant orders of extraction from sanctuary under certain conditions in April 1748. After this the Council of Castille agreed to the Marquis of Ensenada's plan.[7] The appointed Governor of the Council of Castile, Gaspar Vázquez Tablada, Bishop of Oviedo, secured the endorsement of Ferdinand VI[7] It was later also supported by the opinion of the Jesuit Father Francisco Rávago, confessor to Ferdinand VI, whose reply about the morality of the roundup can be summarised in his commentary that:[7]

The means proposed by the governor of the council to root out this bad race, which is hateful to God and pernicious to man, seem good to me. The king will be making a great gift to God, Our Lord, if he manages to get rid of these people.

While the original plan was to expel the Romani population to the Americas, after the failure of the neighboring Kingdom of Portugal in its project to expel its Romani population became known, the Spanish plan was changed to internal deportation and imprisonment.[5][7] The plan entailed sending troops to the towns with Romani settlements, each carrying sealed set of instructions, which were only to be revealed to the commanders on a date just prior to the roundup in August. The Romani settlements were to be surrounded, and all able-bodied adult Romani males were internally deported to forced labor in the Naval arsenals or to specified mines, prisons, or factories.[2] The women and children were forced into clothing manufacture. Those too ill to travel would remain in military custody until well enough to travel, or until they reached a "Christian death". The operation was to be funded by confiscated goods and homes of the Romani.[3]

Fernando VI, who approved the Great Roundup.

The mechanics of the raid varied in efficiency from town to town. The roundup in Seville, where the city gates were closed by the encircling army to prevent the target's escape, created alarm in the general public, who were ignorant of the goals. The definition of who exactly was a Romani proved to be difficult in many cases and was prone to abuse. For example, Roma married to non-romani were often spared. Nomadic Romani, already less frequent, proved difficult to the roundup. Ultimately, nearly 9,000 Romani were detained, 5,000 of which were released three months later due to pleas, protests from neighbors and local authorities. The remaining 4,000 who did not benefit from community support would be released gradually from 1750 onwards over an eight year plight during which it is estimated around 500 perished due to various causes.[8][page needed]

Reversal

The immediate outrage and protests caused by the imprisonment of those Romani who were well integrated in their community led to the release of a majority of those imprisoned three months following the round-up. The remaining 4,000 were released gradually from 1750 onwards. By 1763, the hundred remaining prisoners were pardoned and released by Royal decree.[9]

A case of genocide

The historian Antonio Domínguez Ortiz stated in 1976 that "Ensenada planned a real genocide."[10] This is later reiterated by historian José Luis Gómez Urdáñez [es] who considers the round-up a genocidal project,[11] while sociologist Manuel Ángel Río Ruiz considers it a project of "dissolution and cultural extermination".[12]

Nicolás Jiménez González argues, "It should be highlighted that the 1749 Great Round-Up is the oldest-known attempted genocide against the Roma people carried out in the Spanish territories. To understand this better, a note of clarification is necessary. The term "genocide" did not yet exist in the language of the time; in official documents, the term "extermination" was used. However, the authorities did not intend to immediately "exterminate" the Roma population in prisons. Instead, they wanted the destruction of Roma people to be the consequence of imprisoning men and women separately, making it impossible for a new generation of Roma to be conceived. Therefore, from today's perspective, the General Imprisonment complies with the contemporary definition of the term 'genocide'."[13]

References

  1. ^ Bhabha, Jacqueline; Matache, Margareta (2021). Time for Reparations: A Global Perspective. United States: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 257. ISBN 9780812225044.
  2. ^ a b Gómez Alfaro 1993, p. 27.
  3. ^ a b Taylor 2014, p. 105.
  4. ^ Gómez Alfaro, Antonio. "The Great "Gypsy" Round-up in Spain" (PDF). p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 January 2024.
  5. ^ a b Martínez Martínez, Manuel (2017). "La redada general de gitanos de 1749. La solución definitiva al 'problema' gitano" [The general roundup of gypsies in 1749. The definitive solution to the gypsy 'problem']. Andalucía en la historia (in Spanish). XV (55): 12–15.
  6. ^ Gómez Urdáñez 2002, pp. 40–41.
  7. ^ a b c d Gómez Urdáñez 2002, p. 40.
  8. ^ Martínez Martínez, Manuel (2014). Los gitanos y las gitanas de España a mediados del siglo XVIII [The gypsies of Spain in the mid-18th century] (in Spanish). Almeria: Editorial Universidad de Almería.
  9. ^ Gómez Urdáñez 2002, pp. 39, 43: "Cuando cayó Ensenada el 20 de julio de 1754 el problema gitano era ya asunto de menor importancia. Los que quedaban en los arsenales eran tratados como meros vagos; algunos, viejos o imposibilitados, irían saliendo hasta 1759… Con el nuevo rey [que llegó a Madrid en diciembre de 1759], se reanudaron, juntas, informes y pareceres, y al fin se decretó de 1763." ["When Ensenada fell on July 20, 1754, the gypsy problem was already a minor matter. Those who remained in the arsenals were treated as mere bums; some, old or disabled, would leave until 1759... With the new king [who arrived in Madrid in December 1759], meetings, reports and opinions were resumed, and at last it was decreed in 1763."]
  10. ^ Domínguez Ortiz, Antonio (1976). Sociedad y Estado en el siglo XVIII español [Society and State in the Spanish Eighteenth Century] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Ariel. p. 293. ISBN 84-344-6509-4.
  11. ^ Gómez Urdáñez 2002, p. 39.
  12. ^ Río Ruiz, Manuel Ángel (2017). "Los poderes públicos y los asentamientos de gitanos. Siglos XV a XVIII" [Public powers and gypsy settlements. 15th to 18th centuries]. Andalucía en la historia (in Spanish). XV (55): 8–11 [11].
  13. ^ Gonzalez, Nicolas Jimenez (2020). Mirga-Kruszelnicka, Anna; Dunajeva, Jekatyerina (eds.). Re-thinking Roma Resistance throughout History: Recounting Stories of Strength and Bravery (PDF). Budapest: European Roma Institute for Arts and Culture. pp. 219–230. ISBN 978-3-9822573-0-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 August 2022.

Works cited

  • Gómez Alfaro, Antonio (1993). La Gran Redada de Gitanos [The Great Gypsy Roundup] (in Spanish). Madrid: Ed. presencia gitana. ISBN 84-87347-09-6.
  • Gómez Urdáñez, José Luis [in Spanish] (2002). "Los gitanos, al borde del genocidio" [Gypsies on the brink of genocide]. La Aventura de la Historia (in Spanish). 45: 39–43.
  • Taylor, Becky (2014). Another Darkness Another Dawn. London UK: Reaktion Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-78023-257-7.

Further reading

  • Román, Teresa San (1997). La diferencia inquietante [The disturbing difference] (in Spanish). Madrid: Ed. Siglo XXI. pp. 38–43. ISBN 84-323-0951-6.
  • Fraser, Angus (2005). Los gitanos [The gypsies] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Ed. Ariel. pp. 170 y sig. ISBN 84-344-6780-1..
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