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This article is about the the infection. For the bacterial genus, see Vibrio.

Vibriosis or vibrio infection is an infection caused by bacteria of the genus Vibrio. While cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, is not classified as vibriosis, the term refers to infections caused by other types of Vibrio bacteria. About a dozen species can cause vibriosis in humans, with the most common are in multiple countries across the Northern Hemisphere: Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio alginolyticus.[1][6] It is also an animal pathogen, and can cause harm to wild and farmed fish.[9]

Etiology

The genus Vibrio includes various species that can cause illness in humans, including Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus. These bacteria thrive in warm, brackish water and are often found in shellfish such as oysters, clams, and mussels.[1]

Transmission

Vibriosis can be contracted through:

  • Consumption of raw or undercooked seafood, particularly shellfish.[1][5][3]
  • Exposure of open wounds or broken skin to warm seawater or brackish water containing Vibrio bacteria.[5][3]

Clinical Manifestations

The symptoms of vibriosis can vary depending on the species involved: * Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Leads to gastrointestinal illness, with symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and fever.[1]

Epidemiology

Vibriosis incidence is influenced by environmental factors such as water temperature and salinity. Warmer temperatures, including in relation to global warming, have been linked to increased prevalence of vibriosis as Vibrio bacteria thrive in warmer conditions.[10][11]

Bathing Year Fever

In some regions, vibriosis is referred to as "bathing year fever" or "bathing fever" due to its association with warm water activities, especially during unusually warm summers. The term highlights the seasonal nature of the infections, which typically occur during the warmer months when people are more likely to engage in water-related activities.[5]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of vibriosis involves:

  • Clinical evaluation: Based on symptoms and exposure history.[4]
  • Laboratory testing: Isolation and identification of Vibrio species from stool, wound, or blood samples.[4]

Treatment

Treatment of vibriosis depends on the severity and type of infection:

  • Mild cases: Often resolve without treatment; oral rehydration therapy may be used.[4]
  • Severe cases: May require hospitalization, intravenous fluids, and antibiotics such as doxycycline or ceftazidime.[4]

Prevention

Preventative measures to reduce the risk of vibriosis include:

  • Food safety: Cooking seafood thoroughly and avoiding raw shellfish.[4][7][9]
  • Wound care: Avoiding exposure of open wounds to seawater and using waterproof bandages if contact is unavoidable.[4][7]
  • Public health awareness: Educating the public about the risks of vibriosis and safe water practices.[7][12]

See Also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Vibrio Species Causing Vibriosis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  2. ^ "Vibriosis (Non-Cholera) - Epidemiology". Virginia Department of Health. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "Vibriosis: Symptoms and treatment". Public Health Agency of Canada. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Vibrio Infections". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d "Vibrioinfektioner". Folkhälsomyndigheten (in Swedish). Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  6. ^ a b "Vibrio- og Shewanellainfeksjoner – håndbok for helsepersonell". Norwegian Institute of Public Health (in Norwegian). Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  7. ^ a b c d "Potential and Limitation of Biocontrol Methods against Vibriosis: A Review". Springer. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  8. ^ "Vibrio Infections and the Twenty-First Century". Springer. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  9. ^ a b "Diseases of wild and farmed finfish: Vibriosis". Government of Scotland. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  10. ^ "Temperature Upshift Mostly but not Always Enhances the Growth of Vibrio Species: A Systematic Review". Frontiers in Marine Science. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  11. ^ "Vibrio infections in Europe: 10-year surveillance data from the European Surveillance System (TESSy)". Eurosurveillance. 14 July 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  12. ^ "Vibrio Infections and the Twenty-First Century". Springer. Retrieved 28 June 2024.

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