"Gay frogs" redirects here. For the actual practice of homosexual behavior among frogs, see List of animals displaying homosexual behavior § Amphibians.

Beginning in the 2010s, various media personalities promoted conspiracy theories claiming that exposure to endocrine disrupting chemical pollutants in the water supply are responsible for an alleged increase in the gay or transgender population. These claims are not supported by scientific evidence,[1][2] and have been described as anti-LGBT rhetoric.[3]

Research in the 2000s suggested that the herbicide atrazine, an endocrine disruptor, may have a feminizing effect on male frogs.[4][5] Other research failed to reproduce these results,[6][7] and the United States Environmental Protection Agency concluded in 2013 that atrazine has no consistent effects on development in amphibians.[8] Regardless, American conspiracy theorist and radio personality Alex Jones claimed that atrazine had caused a majority of frogs in the US to become homosexual, and that the US government was waging a "chemical warfare operation" to increase rates of homosexuality and decrease birth rates.[3][9] A viral 2015 rant from Jones about "chemicals in the water that turn the friggin' frogs gay," was widely mocked online and became an internet meme.[10][11]

This idea was later revived by attorney and anti-vaccine activist Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., who claimed that gender dysphoria in children might be linked to atrazine contamination of water.[1] Kennedy's theory was widely ridiculed in various media outlets.[2][12][13]

Scientific consensus, as summarized in a 2016 review in Psychological Science in the Public Interest, is that there is "no persuasive evidence that the rate of same-sex attraction has varied much across time or place". The effects of hormones on sexual orientation appear to occur at the prenatal stage, during organization of the brain.[14] In contrast to claims about chemicals in the water, endocrine disruptor exposure during fetal development has been shown to affect sexual differentiation of the brain, however any effect sexual orientation or gender identity requires further research.[15][16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Turner, Abby; Kaczynski, Andrew (2023-07-13). "Robert F. Kennedy Jr. repeatedly suggested that chemicals in water are impacting sexuality of children". CNN Politics. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  2. ^ a b Contreras, Russell; Holzman, Jael (Jul 5, 2023). "Fringe gender-chemical theory goes mainstream". Axios.
  3. ^ a b Kacala, Alexander (August 7, 2018). "Infowars' Alex Jones has a long history of inflammatory, anti-LGBTQ speech". NBC News. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  4. ^ Hayes, Tyrone; Haston, Kelly; Tsui, Mable; Hoang, Anhthu; Haeffele, Cathryn; Vonk, Aaron (2002). "Feminization of male frogs in the wild". Nature. 419 (6910): 895–896. doi:10.1038/419895a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12410298. S2CID 4364535.
  5. ^ Hayes, Tyrone B.; Khoury, Vicky; Narayan, Anne; Nazir, Mariam; Park, Andrew; Brown, Travis; Adame, Lillian; Chan, Elton; Buchholz, Daniel; Stueve, Theresa; Gallipeau, Sherrie (2010-03-09). "Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (10): 4612–4617. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.4612H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909519107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2842049. PMID 20194757.
  6. ^ Jooste, Alarik M.; Du Preez, Louis H.; Carr, James A.; Giesy, John P.; Gross, Timothy S.; Kendall, Ronald J.; Smith, Ernest E.; Van Der Kraak, Glen L.; Solomon, Keith R. (2005-07-01). "Gonadal Development of Larval Male Xenopus laevis Exposed to Atrazine in Outdoor Microcosms". Environmental Science & Technology. 39 (14): 5255–5261. Bibcode:2005EnST...39.5255J. doi:10.1021/es048134q. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 16082954.
  7. ^ Renner, Rebecca (2008). "Atrazine Effects in Xenopus Aren't Reproducible". Environmental Science & Technology. 42 (10): 3491–3493. Bibcode:2008EnST...42.3491R. doi:10.1021/es087113j. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 18546678.
  8. ^ "Atrazine Updates | Pesticides | US EPA". 2015-09-30. Archived from the original on 2015-09-30. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  9. ^ Higgins, Tucker (2018-09-14). "Alex Jones' 5 most disturbing and ridiculous conspiracy theories". CNBC. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  10. ^ Perret, Meg (2020-06-09). ""Chemical Castration": White Genocide and Male Extinction in Rhetoric of Endocrine Disruption". NiCHE. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  11. ^ Boast, Hannah (2022-11-01). "Theorizing the Gay Frog". Environmental Humanities. 14 (3): 661–679. doi:10.1215/22011919-9962959. ISSN 2201-1919. S2CID 253797376.
  12. ^ Brownworth, Victoria A. (June 21, 2023). "Robert F. Kennedy Jr.: The Shaming of a Legacy". Philadelphia Gay News. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  13. ^ Segalov, Michael (2017-06-08). "A Quick Refresher: The Truth About Water Making You Gay". Vice. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  14. ^ Bailey, J. Michael; Vasey, Paul L.; Diamond, Lisa M.; Breedlove, S. Marc; Vilain, Eric; Epprecht, Marc (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. S2CID 42281410.
  15. ^ Savic, Ivanka; Garcia-Falgueras, Alicia; Swaab, Dick F. (2010), Savic, Ivanka (ed.), "Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation", Progress in Brain Research, Sex Differences in the Human Brain, their Underpinnings and Implications, Elsevier, vol. 186, p. 23, retrieved 2023-08-13
  16. ^ Cocchetti, Carlotta; Rachoń, Dominik; Fisher, Alessandra D. (2020), Pivonello, Rosario; Diamanti-Kandarakis, Evanthia (eds.), "Environmental Impact on Sexual Response" (PDF), Environmental Endocrinology and Endocrine Disruptors: Endocrine and Endocrine-targeted Actions and Related Human Diseases, Endocrinology, pp. 318–328, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38366-4_11-1, ISBN 978-3-030-38366-4, retrieved 2023-08-18

External links