The Finnish Heimosodat (singular heimosota),[a][1] refer to a series of armed conflicts and private military expeditions in 1918–1922 into the areas of the former Russian Empire which were neighbouring Finland and inhabited in large part by other Finnic peoples. The term has been translated into English as "Kindred Nations Wars", "Wars for kindred peoples", "Kinfolk wars",[2] or "Kinship Wars," specifically Finnic kinship. It is sometimes erroneously translated as "Tribal wars".[citation needed] Finnish volunteers took part in these conflicts either to assert Finnish control over the areas inhabited by related Finnic peoples, or to help them gain independence from Russia. Many of the volunteer soldiers were inspired by the idea of Greater Finland. Some of the conflicts were incursions from Finland and some were local uprisings, where volunteers wanted either to help the people in their fight for independence or to annex the areas to Finland. According to Roselius, about 10,000 volunteers from Finland took part in the armed conflicts mentioned below.[3]

The phenomenon is closely linked to nationalism and irredentism, as Finland had just formally gained its national independence in 1917, and a part of the population felt that they had obligations to help other Finnic peoples to attain the same. Estonia, the closest and numerically largest "kindred nation", had gained its independence at the same time, but had fewer resources, fewer institutions ready to support its attained position, and more Bolshevik Russian troops within its borders. Other Finnic peoples were at a less organized level of cultural, economic and political capability. The Finnish Civil War had awakened strong nationalistic feelings in Finnish citizens and other Finnic peoples, and they sought tangible ways to put these feelings into action. For the two next decades, Finns participated at a relatively high rate in nationalistic activities (e.g. Karelianism and Finnicization of the country and its institutions). This development was related to the trauma and divisiveness of the Finnish Civil War. Many White sympathizers in the Civil War became radically nationalistic as a result of the war. The strenuous five-year period 1939–45 of total war — which also mostly unified the nation — reduced this enthusiasm.

Glossary

Volunteer tribal soldiers from the Viena-Karelian military campaign
Sota
"War", in this context, a low-intensity one, consisting of actions such as border skirmishes, expeditions by volunteer corps, expulsion of remnant occupational forces or attempts to foment rebellion in the local populace.
Heimo
"Tribe" or "clan", but in this context, also the ethnic and language kinship between Baltic Finns; "kindred peoples". Somewhat comparable to the German concept of Völkisch.
Sukukansa
People who are linguistically and/or ethnically akin to one another; "suku" means "family" and "kansa" means "people" (singular).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Estonian: hõimusõjad, Swedish: frändefolkskrigen, German: Kriege verwandter Völker

References

  1. ^ Zägel, Jörg; Reiner Steinweg (2007). Vergangenheitsdiskurse in der Ostseeregion (in German). LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. ISBN 978-3-8258-0202-8.
  2. ^ Roselius, Aapo; Silvennoinen, Oula (May 15, 2019). Villi itä: Suomen heimosodat ja Itä-Euroopan murros 1918-1921. Tammi. ISBN 9789513175498 – via researchportal.helsinki.fi.
  3. ^ Roselius, Aapo (2014). Finnish Irredentist Campaigns in the Aftermath of the Civil War // The Finnish Civil War 1918. History, Memory, Legacy. The Netherlands: Brill. p. 119. ISBN 978-90-04-24366-8.