Hosta

Anal or Anāl, also known as Pakan Naga after the two principal villages where it is spoken in, is a Southern Naga language, part of the Sino-Tibetan language family, spoken by the Anal people in India and a dwindling number in Myanmar. It had 83,000 speakers in India according to the 2001 census, and 55,000 in Myanmar in 2010.^[1] It has two principal clans, Murchal and Moshum, and is closest to Lamkang. The language of wider communication is Meitei language. The name "Anal" was given by the Meitei people of Manipur valley.^[2] Anal is written in the Latin script,^[3] with a literacy rate of about 87%.^[1]

Geographical distribution

Anal is spoken in Chandel district, southeastern Manipur, on the banks of the Chakpi River in Chandel, Chakpikarong, and Tangnoupal subdivisions (Ethnologue).

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	voiceless	m̥	n̥		ŋ̊
Nasal	voiced	m	n		ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	tʃ	k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
	voiced	b	d	dʒ
Fricative			s			h
Approximant	voiced	ʋ	l
Approximant	voiceless		l̥
Rhotic	voiced		r
Rhotic	voiceless		r̥

/dʒ/ can also be heard as a glide [j] in free variation.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e	ə	o
Open		a

^[4]

Vocabulary

The following vocabulary exemplifies words in the language.^[5]

Anal	gloss	Anal	gloss
khol	'deep hole'; 'social division'	ahno	'kind of short skirt'
lunguin	'kind of long shawl'	zupar	'rice beer'
piruili	'elopement'	Jol min	'bride price'
ithin	'divorce'	sinnuperu	'adultery'
pakum	'hearth'	mote	'first-born'
kopu	'second-born'	cakhow	'brown rice'
khon	'fifty rupees'	thunlon	'grave'
dao	'kind of iron blade'	shingkho	'plate'
vopum	'basket'	athiru	'kind of bead necklace'
akarfo	'kind of China necklace'	sanamba	'kind of fiddle'
tilli	'kind of flageolet'	tuklee	'kind of loom'

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Anāl at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Sen, Sipra (1992-01-01). Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography. India: Mittal Publications. p. 48. ISBN 978-81-7099-310-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ Bareh 2007, p. 120
^ Devi, Thounaojam Thajamanbi (2015). A Descriptive Grammar of Anal. Silchar: Assam University.
^ Bareh 2007, pp. 119–128

External links

ELAR collection: A community-driven documentation of natural discourse in Anal, an endangered Tibeto-Burman language deposited by Pavel Ozerov
Anal DoReCo corpus compiled by Pavel Ozerov. Audio recordings of narrative texts, with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level and translations.

Bibliography

Bareh, Hamlet (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Manipur. Vol. III. New Delhi: Mittai. ISBN 978-81-7099-790-0. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
Prakash, Col Ved (2007). Encyclopaedia of North-East India. New Delhi: Atlantic. ISBN 978-81-269-0708-3. Retrieved 12 July 2011.

[e18-1] Anāl at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Sen, Sipra (1992-01-01). Tribes and Castes of Manipur: Description and Select Bibliography. India: Mittal Publications. p. 48. ISBN 978-81-7099-310-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[B120-3] Bareh 2007, p. 120

[4] Devi, Thounaojam Thajamanbi (2015). A Descriptive Grammar of Anal. Silchar: Assam University.

[5] Bareh 2007, pp. 119–128

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