In biology, population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population.

Global human population growth amounts to around 75 million annually, or 1.1% per year. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 7 billion in 2012. It is expected to keep growing, and estimates have put the total population at 8.4 billion by mid-2030, and 9.6 billion by mid-2050. Many nations with rapid population growth have low standards of living, whereas many nations with low rates of population growth have high standards of living.[1]

Population[2]
Years Passed Year Billion
- 1800 1
127 1927 2
33 1960 3
14 1974 4
13 1987 5
12 1999 6
12 2011 7
14 2025* 8
18 2043* 9
40 2083* 10
* UNFPA
United Nations Population Fund
estimate 31.10.2011

Population growth rate

The "population growth rate" is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population. Specifically, population growth rate refers to the change in population over a unit time period, often expressed as a percentage of the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period. This can be written as the formula, valid for a sufficiently small time interval:

A positive growth rate indicates that the population is increasing, while a negative growth rate indicates that the population is decreasing. A growth ratio of zero indicates that there were the same number of individuals at the beginning and end of the period—a growth rate may be zero even when there are significant changes in the birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and age distribution between the two times.[3]

A related measure is the net reproduction rate. In the absence of migration, a net reproduction rate of more than 1 indicates that the population of females is increasing, while a net reproduction rate less than one (sub-replacement fertility) indicates that the population of females is decreasing.

Most populations do not grow exponentially, rather they follow a logistic model. Once the population has reached its carrying capacity, it will stabilize and the exponential curve will level off towards the carrying capacity, which is usually when a population has depleted most its natural resources.[4]

The logistic growth of a population.

The Logistic Equation

Where,

= the population after time t

= time a population grows

= relative growth rate coefficient

= carrying capacity of the population; defined by ecologists as the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.[4]

The Analytic Logistic Solution

This is a separable differential equation that can be derived through integration. The analytic solution is useful in analyzing the behavior of population models.[5]

The equation is separable and to find the solution we integrate.

Working on just the left side of the equation, the fraction in the denominator is eliminated by multiplying the variable K, and then the fraction is split in 2.

The partial fraction is then integrated more easily.

After integrating and using U substitution, we get

Exponentiate both sides to get rid of the natural log. This is the equation that remains:

Get rid of the absolute value and split the into 2 parts.

Let and get

Solve for to get the explicit solution to the logistic equation as

; where and the initial population at time 0.

Human population growth rate

Main article: Total fertility rate
A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman according to the CIA World Factbook's 2016 data
Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 according to the United Nations. The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people.
World population growth rates between 1950–2050

In 2009, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.1%.[6] The CIA World Factbook gives the world annual birthrate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1.86%, 0.78%, and 1.08% respectively.[7] The last 100 years have seen a massive fourfold increase in the population, due to medical advances, lower mortality rates, and an increase in agricultural productivity[8] made possible by the Green Revolution.

The annual increase in the number of living humans peaked at 88.0 million in 1989, then slowly declined to 73.9 million in 2003, after which it rose again to 75.2 million in 2006. In 2009, the human population increased by 74.6 million.[6] Generally, developed nations have seen a decline in their growth rates in recent decades, though annual growth rates remain above 2% in poverty-stricken countries of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, and also in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.[9]

In some countries the population is declining, especially in Eastern Europe, mainly due to low fertility rates, high death rates and emigration. In Southern Africa, growth is slowing due to the high number of AIDS-related deaths. Some Western Europe countries might also experience population decline.[10] Japan's population began decreasing in 2005; it now has the highest standard of living in the world.[11]

The United Nations Population Division projects world population to peak at over 10 billion at the end of the 21st century, but Sanjeev Sanyal has argued that global fertility will fall below the replacement rate in the 2020s and that world population will peak below 9 billion by 2050, followed by a long decline.[12] A 2014 study in Science concludes that the global population will reach 11 billion by 2100, with a 70% chance of continued growth into the 22nd century.[13]

Growth by country

According to United Nations population statistics, the world population grew by 30%, or 1.6 billion humans, between 1990 and 2010.[14] In number of people the increase was highest in India (350 million) and China (196 million). Population growth was among highest in the United Arab Emirates (315%) and Qatar (271%).[14]

Growth rates of the world's most populous countries
Rank Country Population
2010		 Population
1990		 Growth (%)
1990–2010
  World 6,895,889,000 5,306,425,000 30.0%
1  China 1,341,335,000 1,145,195,000 17.1%
2  India 1,224,614,000 873,785,000 40.2%
3  United States 310,384,000 253,339,000 22.5%
4  Indonesia 239,871,000 184,346,000 30.1%
5  Brazil 194,946,000 149,650,000 30.3%
6  Pakistan 173,593,000 111,845,000 55.3%
7  Nigeria 158,423,000 97,552,000 62.4%
8  Bangladesh 148,692,000 105,256,000 41.3%
9  Russia 142,958,000 148,244,000 -3.6%
10  Japan 128,057,000 122,251,000 4.7%
Example nation 1967 population 1990 population 1994 population 2002 population 2008 population Life expectancy in years (2008) Total population growth from 1960s to 2007- 2011
Eritrea* N/A* N/A* 3,437,000[15] 4,298,269 5,673,520[16] 61[17][17] 2,236,520
Ethiopia* 23,457,000*[18] 50,974,000* [19] 54,939,000[15] 67,673,031(2003) 79,221,000[20] 55[17] 55,764,000
Sudan† 14,355,000†[18] 25,204,000† [19] 27,361,000†[15] 38,114,160 (2003)† 42,272,000†[21] 50†[17] 27,917,000
Chad 3,410,000[18] 5,679,000[19] 6,183,000[15] 9,253,493(2003) 10,329,208 (2009)[22] 47[17] 6,919,205
Niger 3,546,000[18] 7,732,000[19] 8,846,000[15] 10,790,352 (2001) 15,306,252 (2009)[23] 44[17] 11,760,252
Nigeria 61,450,000[18] 88,500,000[19] 108,467,000[15] 129,934,911 158,259,000[24] 47[17] 96,809,000
Mali 4,745,000[18] 8,156,000,[19] 10,462,000[15] 11,340,480 14,517,176(2010).[25] 50[17] 9,772,176
Mauritania 1,050,000[18] 2,025,000 [19] 2,211,000[15] 2,667,859 (2003) 3,291,000 (2009)[22] 54[17] 2,241,000
Senegal 3,607,000[18] 7,327,000[19] 8,102,000[15] 9,967,215 13,711,597 (2009)[26] 57[17] 10,104,597
Gambia 343,000[18] 861,000[19] 1,081,000[15] 1,367,124 (2000) 1,705,000[24] 55[17] 1,362,000
Algeria 11,833,126 (1966)[18] 25,012,000[19] 27,325,000 [15] 32,818,500 (2003) 34,895,000[20][27] 74[17] 23,061,874
The DRC/Zaire 16,353,000[18] 35,562,000[19] 42,552,000[15] 55,225,478 (2003) 70,916,439 [20][28] 54[17] 54,563,439
Egypt 30,083,419 (1966)[18] 53,153,000[19] 58,326,000[15] 70,712,345 (2003) 79,089,650 [20][29][29] 72[17] 49,006,231
Réunion (French colony/overseas department) 418,000[18] N/A[19] N/A[15] 720,934 (2003) 827,000 (2009) [27] N/A[17] 409,000
The Falkland Islands (UK Territory) 2,500[18] N/A[19] N/A[15] 2,967 (2003) 3,140(2010)[22] N/A[17] 640
Chile 8,935,500[18] 13,173,000[19] 13,994,000[15] 15,116,435 17,224,200 (2011) 77[17] 8,288,700
Colombia 19,191,000[18] 32,987,000[19] 34,520,000[15] 41,088,227 45,925,397(2010)[30] 73[17] 26,734,397
Brazil 85,655,000[18] 150,368,000[19] 153,725,000[15] 174,468,575 (2000) 190,732,694(2010) [31] 72[17] 105,077,694
Mexico 45,671,000[18] 86,154,000[19] 93,008,000[15] 103,400,165 (2000) 112,322,757(2010)[32] 76[17] 66,651,757
Fiji 476,727 (1966)[18] 765,000[19] 771,000[15] 844,330 (2001) 849,000[27] (2010) 70[17] 372,273
Nauru 6,050 (1966)[18] 10,000[19] N/A[15] 12,329 9,322 (2011)[33] N/A[17] 3,272
Jamaica 1,876,000[18] 2,420,000[19] 2,429,000[15] 2,695,867 (2003) 2,847,232[34](2010) 74[17] 971,232
Australia 11,540,764 (1964)[18] 17,086,000[19] 17,843,000[15] 19,546,792 (2003) 24,471,553[35] (2010) 82[17] 10,066,508
Albania 1,965,500 (1964)[18] 3,250,000[19] 3,414,000[15] 3,510,484 2,986,952 (July 2010 est.)[22][36] (2010) 78[17] 1,021,452
Poland 31,944,000[18] 38,180,000[19] 38,554,000[15] 38,626,349 (2001) 38,192,000(2010)[37] 75[17] 6,248,000
Hungary 10,212,000[18] 10,553,000[19] 10,261,000[15] 10,106,017 9,979,000(2010)[38] 73[17] -142,000
Bulgaria 8,226,564 (1965)[18] 8,980,000[19] 8,443,000[15] 7,707,495(2000) 7,351,234 (2011)[39] 73[17] -875,330
United Kingdom 55,068,000 (1966)[18] 57,411,000[19] 58,091,000[15] 58,789,194 62,008,048 (2010)[40] 79[17] 7,020,048
Republic of Ireland 2,884,002 (1966)[18] 3,503,000[19] 3,571,000[15] 3,840,838 (2000) 4,470,700 [41] (2010) 78[17] 1,586,698
The PRC/China 720,000,000[18] 1,139,060,000[19] 1,208,841,000[15] 1,286,975,468 (2004) 1,339,724,852(2010)[42] 73[17] 619,724,852
Japan‡ 98,274,961 (1965)[18] 123,537,000[19] 124,961,000[15] 127,333,002 127,420,000 (2010)[43] 82[17] 28,123,865
Ryukyu Islands (Once occupied by the United States)‡ 934,176 (1965)[18] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
India# 511,115,000[18] 843,931,000[19] 918,570,000[15] 1,028,610,328 (2001) 1,210,193,422(2011)[44] 69[17] 699,078,422
Singapore 1,956,000 (1967)[18] 3,003,000 (1990) [19] 2,930,000 (1994)[15] 4,452,732 (2002) 5,076,700(2010)[27] 82 (2008)[17] 3,120,700
Sikkim# 183,000 (1967)[18] N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Monaco 24,000 (1967)[18] 29,000 (1990) [19] N/A (1994)[15] 31,842 (2000) 35,586[45] (2010) (2008)[17] 1,586
Greece 8,716,000 (1967)[18] 10,123,000 (1990) [19] 10,426,000 (1994)[15] 10,964,020(2001)[46] 11,305,118(2011)[47] N/A (2008)[17] 2,589,118
Faroe Islands (Danish dependency) 38,000 (1967)[18] N/A(1990) [19] N/A(1994)[15] 46,345 (2000) 48,917(2010) [48] N/A (2008)[17] 18,917
Liechtenstein 20,000 (1967)[18] 29,000 (1990) [19] N/A (1994)[15] 33,307(2000) 35,789(2009)[49] (2008)[17] 15,789
South Korea 29,207,856 (1966)[18] 42,793,000 (1990) [19] 44,453,000 (1994)[15] 48,324,000 (2003) 48,875,000(2010) [50] (2008)[17] 19,667,144
North Korea 12,700,000 (1967)[18] 21,773,000 (1990) [19] 23,483,000 (1994)[15] 22,224,195 (2002) 24,051,218(2010)[51] (2008)[17] 11,351,218
Brunei 107,200 (1967)[18] 266,000(1990) [19] 280,000 (1994)[15] 332,844 (2001) 401,890(2011)[22] 76(2008)[17] 306,609
Malaysia 10,671,000 (1967)[18] 17,861,000 (1990) [19] 19,489,000 (1994)[15] 21,793,293(2002) 27,565,821(2010)[52] (2008)[17] 16,894,821
Thailand 32,680,000 (1967)[18] 57,196,000 (1990) [19] 59,396,000 (1994)[15] 60,606,947(2000)[53] 63,878,267(2011)[54] (2008)[17] 31,198,267
Lebanon 2,520,000 (1967)[18] 2,701,000 (1990) [19] 2,915,000 (1994)[15] 3,727,703 [55] (2003) 4,224,000[56](2009) - (2008)[17]
Syria 5,600,000 (1967)[18] 12,116,000 (1990) [19] 13,844,000 (1994)[15] 17,585,540 (2003) 22,457,763(2011)[57] -(2008)[17]
Bahrain 182,00 (1967)[18] 503,000 (1990) [19] 549,000 (1994)[15] 667,238 (2003) 1,234,596 [58] (2010) 75(2008)[17]
Sri Lanka 11,741,000 (1967)[18] 16,993,000 (1990) [19] 17,685,000 (1994)[15] 19,607,519 (2002) 20,238,000[27] (2009) - (2008)[17]
Switzerland 6,050,000 (1967)[18] 6.712,000 (1990) [19] 6,994,000 (1994)[15] 7,261,200 (2002) 7,866,500[59] (2010) - (2008)[17]
Luxembourg 335,000 (1967)[18] 381,000 (1990) [19] 401,000 (1994)[15] 439,539 (2001) 511,840(2011)[60] -(2008)[17]
Romania 19,105,056 (1966)[18] 23,200,000 (1990) [19] 22,736,000 (1994)[15] 21,680,974 (2002) 21,466,174[61] (2011) - (2008)[17]
Niuē (New Zealand colony) 1,900 (1966)[18] N/A (1990) [19] N/A (1994)[15] 2,134 (2002) 1,398(2009)[62] N/A (2008)[17] -502
Tokelau (New Zealand colony) 5,194 (1966)[18] N/A (1990) [19] N/A (1994)[15] 1,445(2001) 1,416(2009) N/A (2008)[17] -3,778
Jamaica 1,876,000 (1967)[18] 2,420,000 (1990) [19] 2,429,000 (1994)[15] 2,695,867 (2003) 2,847,232[34](2010) 74 (2008)[17] 971,232
Argentina 32,031,000 (1967)[18] 32,322,000(1990) [19] 34,180,000 (1994)[15] 37,812,817 (2002) 40,091,359 (2010) 74 (2008)[17] 8,060,359
France 49,890,660 (1967)[18] 56,440,000(1990) [19] 57,747,000 (1994)[15] 59,551,000 (2001) 63,136,180(2011)[63] 81 (2008)[17]
Italy 52,334,000(1967)[18] 57,662,000 (1990) [19] 57,193,000 (1994)[15] 56,995,744 (2002) 60,605,053[64] (2011) 80 (2008)[17]
Mauritius 774,000 (1967)[18] 1,075,000(1990) [19] 1,104,000(1994)[15] 1,179,137 (2000) 1,288,000 (2009)[27] 75 (2008)[17] 514,000
Guatemala 4,717,000 (1967)[18] 9,197,000 (1990) [19] 10,322,000 (1994)[15] 12,974,361 (2000) 13,276,517 (2009) 70 (2008)[17] 8,559,517
Cuba 8,033,000 (1967)[18] 10,609,000 (1990) [19] 10,960,000 (1994)[15] 11,177,743 (2002) 11,239,363(2009)[65] 77 (2008)[17]
Barbados 246,000 (1967)[18] 255,000 (1990) [19] 261,000 (1994)[15] 250,012 (2001) 284,589(2010)[22] 73 (2008)[17] 18,589
Samoa 131,377 (1967)[18] 164,000 (1990) [19] 164,000 (1994)[15] 178,173 (2003) 179,000(2009)[27] N/A (2008)[17]
Sweden 7,765,981 (1967)[18] 8,559,000 (1990) [19] 8,794,000 (1994)[15] 8,920,705 (2002) 9,354,462 (2009) 81 (2008)[17]
Finland 4,664,000 (1967)[18] 4,986,000 (1990) [19] 5,095,000 (1994)[15] 5,175,783 (2002) 5,374,781 (2010) N/A (2008)[17]
Portugal 9,440,000 (1967)[18] 10,525,000 (1990) [19] 9,830,000 (1994)[15] 10,355,824 (2001) 10,647,763[66](2011) N/A (2008)[17]
Austria 7,323,981 (1967)[18] 7,712,000 (1990) [19] 8,031,000 (1994)[15] 8,032,926 (2001) 8,404,252 (2011) N/A (2008)[17]
Libya 1,738,000 (1967)[18] 4,545,000 (1990) [19] 5,225,000(1994)[15] 5,499,074 (2002) 6,420,000 (2009)[27] 77 (2008)[17]
Peru 12,385,000 (1967)[18] 21,550,000 (1990) [19] 23,080,000(1994)[15] 27,949,639 (2002) 29,496,000(2010) 70 (2008)[17]
Guinea Bissau 528,000 (1967)[18] 965,000 (1990) [19] 1,050,000 (1994)[15] 1,345,479 (2002) 1,647,000[27](2009) 48 (2008)[17]
Angola 5,203,066 (1967)[18] 10,020,000 (1990) [19] 10,674,000 (1994)[15] 10,766,500(2003) 18,498,000[27][67](2009) (38 2008)[17]
Equatorial Guinea 277,000 (1967)[18] 348,000 (1990) [19] 389,000 (1994)[15] 474,214 (2000) 676,000(2009)[27] 61 (2008)[17]
Benin 2,505,000 (1967)[18] 4,736,000 (1990) [19] 5,246,000(1994)[15] 8,500,500 (2002) 8,791,832 (2009) 59 (2008)[17]
Laos 2,770,000 (1967)[18] 4,139,000 (1990) [19] 4,742,000 (1994)[15] 5,635,967 (2002) 6,800,000[68] (2011) 56(2008)[17]
Nepal 10,500,000 (1967)[18] 18,961,000 (1990) [19] 21,360,000 (1994)[15] 25,284,463 (2002) 29,331,000[27] (2009) (2008)[17]
Iran 25,781,090 (1966)[18] 54,608,000(1990) [19] 59,778,000(1994)[15] 66,622,704 (2002) 75,330,000 (2010) [44] 71 (2008)[17]
Canada 20,014,880 (1966)[18] 26,603,000(1990) [19] 29,248,000(1994)[15] 31,081,900 (2001) 32,623,490(2011)[69] 81 (2008)[17]
United States 199,118,000 (1967)[18] 249,995,000(1990) [19] 260,650,00(1994)[15] 281,421,906 (2000) 308,745,538(2010)[70] 78(2008)[17]
Uganda 7,931,000 (1967)[18] 18,795,000 (1990) [19] 20,621,000(1994)[15] 24,227,297 (2002) 32,369,558 (2009) 52 (2008)[17]
Notes
* Eritrea left Ethiopia in 1991.
† Split into the nations of Sudan and South Sudan during 2011.
‡ Japan and the Ryukyu Islands merged in 1972.
# India and Sikkim merged in 1975.
Population growth 1990–2012 (%)[71]
Africa 73.3%
Middle East 68.2%
Asia (excl. China) 42.8%
China 19.0%
OECD Americas 27.9%
Non-OECD Americas 36.6%
OECD Europe 11.5%
OECD Asia Oceania 11.1%
Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia -0.8%
Thousands of scooters make their way through the city of Hồ Chí Minh, Vietnam.

Into the future

Main article: Projections of population growth
Estimated size of human population from 10,000 BCE to 2000 CE.
The majority of world population growth today is occurring in less developed countries.

According to the UN's 2010 revision to its population projections, world population is projected to peak at 10.1 billion in 2100 compared to 7 billion in 2011.[72] A 2014 paper by demographers from several universities and the United Nations Population Division projected that the world's population would reach about 10.9 billion in 2100 and continue growing thereafter.[73] One of its authors, Adrian Raftery, a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology, says "The consensus over the past 20 years or so was that world population, which is currently around 7 billion, would go up to 9 billion and level off or probably decline. We found there’s a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century. Population, which had sort of fallen off the world’s agenda, remains a very important issue."[74] However, some experts dispute the UN's figures and have argued that birth rates will fall below replacement rate in the 2020s. According to their projections, population growth will be only sustained till the 2040s by rising longevity, but will peak below 9 bn by 2050.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Population Reference Bureau. "2013 World Population Factsheet" (PDF). www.pbr.org. Population Reference Bureau. Retrieved 5 December 2014. 
  2. ^ 7. miljardis ihminen, Helsingin Sanomat editor Mr Timo Paukku 5.9.2011 D1 (Finnish)
  3. ^ Association of Public Health Epidemiologists in Ontario
  4. ^ a b Reece, Jane; Urry, Lisa; Cain, Michael; Wasserman, Steven; Minorsky, Peter; Jackson, Robert (2014). Campbell Biology. Pearson. 
  5. ^ Stewart, James; Clegg, Daniel (2012). Brief Applied Calculus. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning. 
  6. ^ a b "International Programs". [dead link]
  7. ^ "The World Factbook". 20 November 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016. 
  8. ^ "BBC NEWS - South Asia - The end of India's green revolution?". 
  9. ^ "International Programs". Archived from the original on 2009-07-01. 
  10. ^ UN population projections
  11. ^ "Japan sees biggest population fall". the Guardian. 
  12. ^ a b Sanjeev Sanyal. "Sanjeev Sanyal on The End of Population Growth - Project Syndicate". Project Syndicate. 
  13. ^ Carrington, Damien (September 18, 2014). "World population to hit 11bn in 2100 – with 70% chance of continuous rise". The Guardian. Retrieved December 19, 2016. 
  14. ^ a b "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". 
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx The British Collins Longman Student Atlas, the 1996 and in 1998 publications, ISBN 978-0-00-448879-0 for the 1998 edition, ISBN 0-00-448365-0 for the 1996 edition
  16. ^ url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by 'Modern School Atlas (96th edition)', ISBN 978-1-84907-013-3.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by The British Oxford economic atlas of the World 4th edition, ISBN 0-19-894107-2
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw The British Collins Atlas of the World, the 1993 edition, ISBN 0-00-448038-4
  20. ^ a b c d Ethiopia Central Statistics Office -- Population Projection for mid-2008 Archived January 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  21. ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs. "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. 
  22. ^ a b c d e f "Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 5 March 2010.  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "cia" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "cia" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  23. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2009). "Niger". The World Factbook. Retrieved January 10, 2010. 
  24. ^ a b Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Retrieved 2009-03-12. 
  25. ^ "Mali preliminary 2009 census". Institut National de la Statistique. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2010. 
  26. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2009). "Senegal". The World Factbook. Retrieved January 10, 2010. 
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2010). "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations. Retrieved 2009-03-12. [dead link] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unpop" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unpop" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unpop" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unpop" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unpop" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  28. ^ The World Factbook- Congo, Democratic Republic of the. Central Intelligence Agency.
  29. ^ a b "Central Agency for Population Mobilisation and Statistics — Population Clock (July 2008)". Msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg. Retrieved 2010-08-25. 
  30. ^ "Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística". Dane.gov.co. Retrieved 2010-08-22. 
  31. ^ IBGE. Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas.
  32. ^ "INEGI 2010 Census Statistics". inegi.org.mx. Retrieved 2010-11-25. 
  33. ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Nauru". The World Factbook. Retrieved 12 February 2011. 
  34. ^ a b "The World Factbook". 
  35. ^ "Population clock". Australian Bureau of Statistics website. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 12 April 2011.  The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation.
  36. ^ "IFs Forecast - Version 7.00-Google Public Data Explorer". 
  37. ^ "Wzrasta liczba ludności Polski - Wiadomości - WP.PL". Wiadomosci.wp.pl. 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2010-07-27. 
  38. ^ Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
  39. ^ http://www.nsi.bg/EPDOCS/Census2011pr.pdf
  40. ^ "Total population at 1 January". Eurostat. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011. 
  41. ^ "CSO – Population and Migration Estimates April 2010" (PDF). September 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010. 
  42. ^ Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census Archived November 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  43. ^ "Statistics Bureau Home Page/Population Estimates Monthly Report". 
  44. ^ a b "Provisional Population Totals - Census 2011". Indian Census Bureau 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-29.  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "pop" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  45. ^ Monaco, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  46. ^ "Πίνακας 1. Πληθυσμός κατά φύλο και ηλικία" (PDF). National Statistical Service of Greece: Population census of 18 March 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2009. 
  47. ^ "Total population". Eurostat. 1 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010. 
  48. ^ [1] (Faroese)
  49. ^ Bevölkerungsstatistik 30. Juni 2009, Landesverwaltung Liechtenstein.
  50. ^ "총인구, 인구성장률 : 지표상세화면". Index.go.kr. Retrieved 2010-10-29. 
  51. ^ (Korean) UNFPA (2009-10-01). "한반도 인구 7천400만명 시대 임박". United Nations. Retrieved 2010-04-14. 
  52. ^ "Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. iii. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2011. 
  53. ^ "Population and Housing Census 2000, National Statistical Office". Web.nso.go.th. 2000-04-01. Retrieved 2010-04-25. 
  54. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-07-16. 
  55. ^ "Central Intelligence Agency. March 2011 est". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2011-04-23. 
  56. ^ "World Population Prospects, Table A.1" (PDF). 2008 revision. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2009: 17. Retrieved 22 September 2010. 
  57. ^ "Central Intelligence Agency. March 2011 est". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2011-04-23. 
  58. ^ "REMARKABLE GROWTH EXPATS OUTNUMBER BAHRAINIS IN 2010 CENSUS". Bahraini Census 2010. 2010-11-28. Archived from the original on February 19, 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011. 
  59. ^ "Population size and population composition". Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Swiss Federal Statistical Office, Neuchâtel. 2010. Retrieved 2011-04-29. 
  60. ^ "Population: 511 840 habitants au 1er janvier 2011", Le Portail des statistiques: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, 3 May 2011. (French) Retrieved 4 May 2011.
  61. ^ "Romania - Population". epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 26 May 2011. 
  62. ^ "Niue". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2009-07-20. 
  63. ^ (French) INSEE, Government of France. "Population totale par sexe et âge au 1er janvier 2011, France métropolitaine". Retrieved 20 January 2011. 
  64. ^ (Italian) "Monthly demographic balance: January–November 2010" (PDF). Istat. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011. 
  65. ^ Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2009. Edición 2010, Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas, República de Cuba. Accessed on November 6, 2010. Note: An exchange rate of 1 CUC to 1.08 USD was used to convert GDP.[2]
  66. ^ Pordata, "Base de Dados Portugal Contemporâneo". Accessed on March 7, 2011.
  67. ^ "Population Forecast to 2060 by International Futures hosted by Google Public Data Explorer". Google.com. Retrieved 2011-07-13. 
  68. ^ "Background notes - Laos". US Dept. of State. Retrieved 2011-01-20. 
  69. ^ "Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present". Statistics Canada. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 2011-04-17. 
  70. ^ "Resident Population Data – 2010". U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2010-12-22. 
  71. ^ CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Population 1971–2014 IEA (PDF Page 74, marked page 72)
  72. ^ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". 
  73. ^ Gerland, P.; Raftery, A. E.; Ev Ikova, H.; Li, N.; Gu, D.; Spoorenberg, T.; Alkema, L.; Fosdick, B. K.; Chunn, J.; Lalic, N.; Bay, G.; Buettner, T.; Heilig, G. K.; Wilmoth, J. (September 14, 2014). "World population stabilization unlikely this century". Science. AAAS. 346 (6206): 234–7. doi:10.1126/science.1257469. ISSN 1095-9203. PMC 4230924Freely accessible. PMID 25301627. Retrieved September 21, 2014. 
  74. ^ World population to keep growing this century, hit 11 billion by 2100. UWToday. September 18, 2014

External links