Siberian Yupik (also known as Central Siberian Yupik, Bering Strait Yupik, Yuit, Yoit, "St. Lawrence Island Yupik" and in Russia "Chaplinski Yupik" or Yuk) is one of the four[1] Yupik languages:
- Central Siberian Yupik,
- Naukan Siberian Yupik,
- Central Alaskan Yupik,
- Pacific Gulf Yupik.
Central Siberian Yupik belongs to the Eskimo–Aleut language family. It the largest Yupik idiom spoken in Siberia, and it is spoken also on St. Lawrence Island. Its speakers, the Siberian Yupik people, are an indigenous people who reside along the coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in the Russian Far East and on St. Lawrence Island in the Alaska villages of Savoonga and Gambell.
In Alaska, about 1,050 people from a total Siberian Yupik population of 1,100 speak the language. In Russia, about 300 of an ethnic population of 1,200 to 1,500 speak the language, making a total of about 1,350 speakers worldwide.
Subgroups
Chaplinski (the largest Yupik language of Siberia, the second one being Naukanski), or Ungazighmiistun, is named after Ungaziq (Novoe Chaplino), a toponym. The word Ungazighmii / Уңазиӷмӣ[2][3] (prononce: [uŋaʑiʁmiː], plural Ungazighmiit / Уңазиӷмӣт [uŋaʑiʁmiːt][4][5]) means "Ungaziq inhabitant(s)". People speaking this language live in several settlements in south-eastern parts of Chukchi Peninsula[6] (among others Provideniya, Uelkal, Sireniki), also on Wrangel Island[5] and Anadyr city, Novoye Chaplino.[7] According to another terminology, these people speak Chaplinski, and Ungazighmiit people speak one of its dialects, alongside with other dialects spoken by Avatmit, Imtugmit, Kigwagmit — and these can be divided further into even smaller dialects.[6]
Other Eskimo languages spoken in Siberia
Other Yupik languages
Naukanski, or Nuvuqaghmiistun, the second largest Yupik language spoken in Siberia, is spoken in settlements Uelen, Lorino, Lavrentiya, Provideniya.[7]
Debated classifications
Also Sireniki Eskimo language, locally called Uqeghllistun, was an Eskimo language once spoken in Siberia. It had many peculiarities. Sometimes it is classified as not belonging to the Yupik branch at all, thus forming (in itself) a stand-alone third branch of Eskimo languages (alongside with Inuit and Yupik).[6][8] Its peculiarities may be the result of a supposed long isolation from other Eskimo groups in the past.[9]
Sireniki became extinct in early January 1997.[6][8][10]
Notes
- ^ If we include also Sireniki Eskimo language, then there is a total of five, but the latter's classification is not settled yet.
- ^ Menovshchikov 1962:89
- ^ same suffix for another root (Rubcova 1954: 465)
- ^ Rubcova 1954:220,238,370 (tale examples)
- ^ a b Menovshchikov 1962:1
- ^ a b c d Endangered Languages in Northeast Siberia: Siberian Yupik and other Languages of Chukotka by Nikolai Vakhtin
- ^ a b Asian Eskimo Language by Endangered languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia
- ^ a b Linguist List's description about Nikolai Vakhtin's book: The Old Sirinek Language: Texts, Lexicon, Grammatical Notes. The author's untransliterated (original) name is “Н.Б. Вахтин”.
- ^ Menovshchikov 1962:11
- ^ Support for Siberian Indigenous Peoples Rights (Поддержка прав коренных народов Сибири) — see the section on Eskimos
References
English
- Menovščikov, G. A. (= Г. А. Меновщиков) (1968). "Popular Conceptions, Religious Beliefs and Rites of the Asiatic Eskimoes". In Diószegi, Vilmos. Popular beliefs and folklore tradition in Siberia. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
- de Reuse, Willem J. (1994). Siberian Yupik Eskimo: The language and its contacts with Chukchi. Studies in indigenous languages of the Americas. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-397-7.
Russian
- Меновщиков, Г. А. (1962). Грамматиκа языка азиатских эскимосов. Часть первая. Москва • Ленинград,: Академия Наук СССР. Институт языкознания. The transliteration of author's name, and the rendering of title in English: Menovshchikov, G. A. (1962). Grammar of the language of Asian Eskimos. Vol. I.. Moscow • Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
- Рубцова, Е. С. (1954). Материалы по языку и фольклору эскимосов (чаплинский диалект). Москва • Ленинград,: Академия Наук СССР. The transliteration of author's name, and the rendering of title in English: Rubcova, E. S. (1954). Materials on the Language and Folklore of the Eskimoes, Vol. I, Chaplino Dialect. Moscow • Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
References
- Menovshchikov, G.A.: Language of Sireniki Eskimos. Phonetics, morphology, texts and vocabulary. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow • Leningrad, 1964. Original data: Г.А. Меновщиков: Язык сиреникских эскимосов. Фонетика, очерк морфологии, тексты и словарь. Академия Наук СССР. Институт языкознания. Москва • Ленинград, 1964
- Menovshchikov, G.A.: Grammar of the language of Asian Eskimos. Vol. I. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow • Leningrad, 1962. Original data: Г.А. Меновщиков: Грамматиκа языка азиатских эскимосов. Часть первая. Академия Наук СССР. Москва • Ленинград, 1962.
- Rubcova, E. S. (1954). Materials on the Language and Folklore of the Eskimos (Vol. I, Chaplino Dialect). Moscow • Leningrad: Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Original data: Рубцова, Е. С. (1954). Материалы по языку и фольклору эскимосов (чаплинский диалект). Москва • Ленинград: Академия Наук СССР.
Further reading
- Badten, Linda Womkon, Vera Oovi Kaneshiro, Marie Oovi, and Steven A. Jacobson. A Dictionary of the St. Lawrence Island/Siberian Yupik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, College of Liberal Arts, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1987. ISBN 1555000290
- Bass, Willard P., Edward A. Tennant, and Sharon Pungowiyi Satre. Test of Oral Language Dominance Siberian Yupik-English. Albuquerque, N.M.: Southwest Research Associates, 1973.
- Jacobson, Steven A. (1990). A Practical Grammar of the St. Lawrence Island/Siberian Yupik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, College of Liberal Arts, University of Alaska. ISBN 1555000347. http://www.erudit.org/revue/etudinuit/2002/v26/n2/007654ar.pdf.
- Jacobson, Steven A. Reading and Writing the Cyrillic System for Siberian Yupik = Atightuneqlu Iganeqlu Yupigestun Ruuseghmiit Latangitgun. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, College of Liberal Arts, University of Alaska, 1990.
- Koonooka, Christopher (2003). Ungipaghaghlanga: Let Me Tell A Story. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center (University of Alaska Fairbanks). http://www.uaf.edu/news/a_news/20031009141634.html. Collection of stories, originally recorded by Меновщиков among Siberian Yupik, then transliterated so that it can be read by Yupik of St. Lawrence Island.
- Nagai, Kayo; Waghiyi, Della (2001). Mrs. Della Waghiyi's St Lawrence Island Yupik Texts with Grammatical Analysis by Kayo Nagai. Osaka (Japan): Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim. http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Search.aspx?MatID=0&LangID=196.
- Reuse, Willem Joseph de. Siberian Yupik Eskimo The Language and Its Contacts with Chukchi. Studies in indigenous languages of the Americas. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994. ISBN 0874803977
- Reuse, Willem Joseph de. Studies in Siberian Yupik Eskimo Morphology and Syntax. 1988.
External links
- Endangered Languages in Northeast Siberia: Siberian Yupik and other Languages of Chukotka by Nikolai Vakhtin
- Rubtsova, Ekaterina Semenovna (pdf). Yupik Eskimo Text from the 1940s.. http://www.uaf.edu/anla/collections/search/resultDetail.xml?resource=11678. Collection of 27 texts collected by Rubtsova in 1940-1941. Translated into English and edited by Vakhtin. (The English version is the last file at the bottom of the page.) Downloadable from UAF's site licenced under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License.
- "Уэленский язык — проблема идентификации". http://www.levonabrahamian.am/cntnt/stati/mchlenov.html?PHPSESSID=3cc5bc0a642a4b5f4cbb5c533d2be166. Uelen language — problems of identification (Russian).
- J. W. de Reuse (2006). "Polysynthetic Language: Central Siberian Yupik". http://www.scribd.com/doc/13160395/De-Reuse-Polysynthetic-Language-Central-Siberian-Yupik.
- Krauss, E. Michael (2005). "Eskimo languages in Asia, 1791 on, and the Wrangel Island-Point Hope connection". Études/Inuit/Studies 29 (1–2). http://www.erudit.org/revue/etudinuit/2005/v29/n1-2/013938ar.html.
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