Viola rafinesquei (syn. Viola bicolor), commonly known as the American field pansy or wild pansy, is an annual plant in the violet family found throughout much of North America.[2] There has been some debate as to whether the plant is native there or if it was introduced from the Old World as a variety of Viola kitaibeliana, but it is now generally thought to be native to the North America.[3] It is common in disturbed habitats but is also found in fields and open woods on substrates ranging from sandy soil to clay to limestone.[4][5][6]

References

  1. ^ "Viola bicolor". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
  2. ^ a b "Viola rafinesquei Greene". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  3. ^ Flora of North America
  4. ^ Clausen, Jen; Channell, R.B.; Nur, Uzi (1964), "Viola rafinesquii, the only Melanium violet native to North America", Rhodora, 66 (17){{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ McKinney, Landon E.; Russel, Norman H. (2002), "Violaceae of the Southeastern United States", Castanea, 67 (4): 369–379, JSTOR 4034132
  6. ^ Hayden, W. John; Clough, John (1990), "Methyl Salicylate Secretory Cells in Roots of Viola arvensis and V. rafinesquii (Violaceae)", Castanea, 55 (1): 65–70, JSTOR 4033351{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)