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The Kumandin language is a Turkic language spoken in the Altai Republic in Russia.The Kumandins name themselves "Kumandi-Kiji".
Internal classification
Kumandin is classed in the Siberian Turkic branch of the Turkic languages. It is considered as a dialect of Northern Altai. The Kumandin subgroup of the Altai can undertand Tubalar and Chelkan, aside from Kumandin.[2]
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ɲ/ | /ŋ/ | ||
| Stop | plain | /p/ | /t/ | /k/ | ||
| long | /pː/ | /tː/ | /kː/ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | /s/ | /ʃ/ | |||
| voiced | /ɣ/ | |||||
| Affricate | /t͡ʃ/ | |||||
| Approximant | /l/ | /j/ | ||||
| Trill | /r/ | |||||
Vowels
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| High | /i/, /iː/ | /y/, /yː/ | /ɯ/, /ɯː/ | /u/, /uː/ |
| Low | /ɛ/, /ɛː/ | /œ/, /œː/ | /ɑ/, /ɑː/ | /ɒ/, /ɒː/ |
Orthography
During the Latinisation period in the Soviet Union, a Latin-based script was developed for the Kumandin language. It was used from 1932 to 1939, when teaching in Kumandin was stopped.[4]
| A a | B ʙ | C c | D d | E e | F f | G g | I i |
| J j | K k | L l | M m | N n | Ꞑ ꞑ | O o | Ɵ ɵ |
| P p | R r | S s | Ş ş | T t | U u | V v | X x |
| Y y | Z z | Ƶ ƶ | Ь ь |
In recent years, the Kumandin language is being written again. The orthography below was created in 2005, when it was published for use by children.
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | Е е | Ё ё |
| Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н |
| Ҥ ҥ | Нь нь | О о | Ö ö | П п | Р р | С с | Т т |
| У у | Ӱ ӱ | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ |
| Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
Notes and references
- ^ Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
- ^ Baskakov, 1966, p. 7.
- ^ a b "Кумандинский | Малые языки России". minlang.iling-ran.ru. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
- ^ "Куманды буквар – Российская Национальная Библиотека – Vivaldi". vivaldi.nlr.ru. Retrieved 2024-04-21.
Sources
- (ru) Баскаков, Н.A., Диалект чернёвых татар (туба-кижи), Северные диалекты алтаиского (ойротского) языка, 2 volumes, Moscow, Nauka, 1965-1966.
External links
- Ethnologue: Languages of the World (unknown ed.). SIL International.[This citation is dated, and should be substituted with a specific edition of Ethnologue], which is incorrect about Northern Altai dialects, for which it gives names of southern dialects as alternative names.
- (ru) Kumandin on the Russian UNESCO website for Siberian languages
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