The kathablepharids (also called katablepharids) are a group of heterotrophic flagellates (Protists)[2] the first species of which was described by Skuja in 1939 as Kathablepharis phoenikoston.[3] His spelling was challenged because of non-compliance with botanical nomenclatural conditions, hence the alternative spelling Katablepharis. As the organism was heterotrophic and usually regarded as 'protozoan', and to favour stability, Skuja's original spelling has largely prevailed. With an anterior pocket and ejectisomes, the kathablepharids were thought initially to be cryptomonads. There were a variety of differences with Cryptomonas and other typical cryptomonads = cryptophytes, such as the thickness, length, and beat pattern of the flagella, their phagotrophic habitat, differences in the ejectisomes, and various features of their ultrastructure. The distinctive characteristics of the group were established from electron microscopical studies by Clay and Kugrens[4] and Vørs.[5] More recently they have been tentatively grouped with the chromalveolates,[6] or distantly with the cryptophytes.[7]
Phylogeny
As of 2009, only five genera and ten species have been formally described. Dozens of other DNA sequences (both freshwater and marine) seem to represent further katablepharids which have not been cultured or formally described. They are currently placed in the Hacrobia, a tantative grouping of haptophytes, cryptophytes, katablepharids, telonemids, centrohelids, and perhaps biliphytes.[2]
| Hacrobia |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Classification
Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Lewis 2015 provided the following classification[9]
- Super Class Leucocrypta Cavalier-Smith 2015 stat. n. [Kathablepharidophyta Okamoto & Inouye 2005]
- Class Leucocryptea Cavalier-Smith 2004 [Kathablepharidea Okamoto & Inouye 2005; Kathablepharidophyceae Okamoto & Inouye 2005]
- Order Kathablepharida Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Family Kathablepharidae Vørs 1992
- Genus Roombia Okamoto et al. 2009
- Genus Leucocryptos Butcher 1967
- Genus Platychilomonas Larsen & Patterson 1990
- Genus Hatena Okamoto & Inouye 2006
- Genus Katablepharis Skuja 1939
- Family Kathablepharidae Vørs 1992
- Order Kathablepharida Cavalier-Smith 1993
- Class Leucocryptea Cavalier-Smith 2004 [Kathablepharidea Okamoto & Inouye 2005; Kathablepharidophyceae Okamoto & Inouye 2005]
References
Citations
- ^ Cavalier-Smith 2004, p. 88.
- ^ a b c d Okamoto et al. 2009.
- ^ Skuja 1939, p. 97.
- ^ Clay & Kugrens 1999.
- ^ Vørs 1992.
- ^ Reeb et al. 2009.
- ^ Okamoto & Inouye 2005.
- ^ a b Kim & Graham 2008.
- ^ Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Lewis 2015.
Cited literature
- Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2004). "Chromalveolate Diversity and Cell Megaevolution: Interplay of Membranes, Genomes and Cytoskeleton". In Hirt, Robert P.; Horner, David S. (eds.). Organelles, Genomes and Eukaryote Phylogeny: An Evolutionary Synthesis in the Age of Genomics. Systematics Association special volume 68. CRC Press. pp. 86–126. ISBN 0-415-29904-7.
- Cavalier-Smith; Chao; Lewis (2015). "Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: New cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 93: 331–362. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.07.004. PMID 26234272.
- Clay, Brec; Kugrens, Paul (1999). "Systematics of the Enigmatic Kathablepharids, Including EM Characterization of the Type Species, Kathablepharis phoenikoston, and New Observations on K. remigera comb. nov". Protist. 150 (1): 43–59. doi:10.1016/S1434-4610(99)70008-8. PMID 10724518.
- Kim, Eunsoo; Graham, Linda E. (2008). "EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata". PLOS ONE. 3 (7): e2621. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.2621K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621. PMC 2440802. PMID 18612431.
- Okamoto, Noriko; Inouye, Isao (2005). "The Katablepharids are a Distant Sister Group of the Cryptophyta: A Proposal for Katablepharidophyta Divisio Nova/Kathablepharida Phylum Novum Based on SSU rDNA and Beta-Tubulin Phylogeny". Protist. 156 (2): 163–179. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2004.12.003. PMID 16171184.
- Okamoto, Noriko; Chantangsi, Chitchai; Horák, Aleš; Leander, Brian S.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2009). "Molecular Phylogeny and Description of the Novel Katablepharid Roombia truncata gen. et sp. nov., and Establishment of the Hacrobia Taxon nov". PLOS ONE. 4 (9): e7080. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7080O. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007080. PMC 2741603. PMID 19759916.
- Reeb, Valérie C.; Peglar, Michael T.; Yoon, Hwan Su; Bai, Jennifer Ruoyu; Wu, Min; Shiu, Philip; Grafenberg, Jessie L.; Reyes-Prieto, Adrian; Rümmele, Susanne E.; Gross, Jeferson; Bhattacharya, Debashish (2009). "Interrelationships of chromalveolates within a broadly sampled tree of photosynthetic protists". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (1): 202–211. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.012. PMID 19398025.
- Skuja, Heinrich-Leonhard (1939). "Beitrag zur Algenflora Lettlands II" [Contribution to the algal flora of Latvia II]. Acta Horti Botanici Universitatis Latviensis (in German). 11/12: 41–168.
- Vørs, Naja (1992). "Ultrastructure and autecology of the marine, heterotrophic flagellate Leucocryptos marina (Braarud) Butcher 1967 (Katablepharidaceae/Kathablepharidae), with a discussion of the genera Leucocryptos and Katablepharis/Kathablepharis". European Journal of Protistology. 28 (4): 369–389. doi:10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80001-5. PMID 23195337.
Recent Comments