Ištuanda (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒌷𒄑𒌅𒀭𒁕[1][2]) or Ištunda (Neo-Assyrian Akkadian: 𒌷𒅖𒌅𒌦𒁕[3]) was a Luwian-speaking Syro-Hittite state which existed in the region of Tabal in southeastern Anatolia in the Iron Age.

Location

Ištuanda was located in northern Cappadocia, in the northwestern part of the Tabalian region close to the kingdom of Atuna and near what is presently Aksaray.[4][5][6]

History

Bronze Age

The territory that later became Ištuanda might have corresponded to the region which was referred to in Hittite texts from the Late Bronze Age as Wasuduwanda (𒌷𒉿𒋗𒁺𒉿𒀭𒁕[7]),[4] which was the site of a shrine to the goddess Ḫepat.[8]

Iron Age

By c. 738 BC, the Tabalian region, including Ištuanda, had become a tributary of the Neo-Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III, possibly after his conquest of Arpad over the course of 743 to 740 BC caused the states of the Tabalian region to submit to him, or possibly as a result of a campaign of Tiglath-pileser III in Tabal.[9][10][11]

Consequently, in 738 and 732 BCE, the king Tuḫamme of Ištuanda was one of the five rulers of the Tabalian region who paid tribute to Tiglath-pileser III.[4][5]

Around c. 710 BCE, Ištuanda and the nearby Tabalian state of Atuna jointly attacked and occupied some of the cities of Bīt-Burutaš which the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II had handed over to his loyal vassal, the king Warpalawas II of Tuwana.[12][4][13][5][6]

List of kings of Ištuanda

References

  1. ^ "Ištundaya [OF IšTUNDA] (EN)". The Correspondence of Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II from Calah/Nimrud. State Archives of Assyria Online. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  2. ^ "Ištundaya [OF IšTUNDA] (EN)". Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  3. ^ "Ištundayu [OF IšTUNDA] (EN)". Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  4. ^ a b c d Bryce 2009, p. 338.
  5. ^ a b c Bryce 2012, p. 147.
  6. ^ a b Weeden 2023, p. 1000.
  7. ^ Kryszeń 2023.
  8. ^ Bryce 2009, p. 764.
  9. ^ Bryce 2012, p. 144.
  10. ^ Bryce 2012, p. 271.
  11. ^ Aro 2013, p. 389.
  12. ^ Bryce 2009, p. 93.
  13. ^ Bryce 2009, p. 726.
  14. ^ "Tuhamme [RULER OF IšTUNDA] (RN)". Ancient Records of Middle Eastern Polities. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
  15. ^ "Tuhamme [RULER OF IšTUNDA] (RN)". Textual Sources of the Assyrian Empire. Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus. Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.

Bibliography

See also