Cyanuric chloride is an organic compound with the formula (NCCl)3. This white solid is the chlorinated derivative of 1,3,5-triazine. It is the trimer of cyanogen chloride.[1] Cyanuric chloride is the main precursor to the popular but controversial herbicide atrazine.

Production

Cyanuric chloride is prepared in two steps from hydrogen cyanide via the intermediacy of cyanogen chloride, which is trimerized at elevated temperatures over a carbon catalyst:

HCN + Cl2 → ClCN + HCl

In 2005, approximately 200,000 tons were produced.[2]

Industrial uses

It is estimated that 70% of cyanuric chloride is used in the preparation of the triazine-class pesticides, especially atrazine. Such reactions rely on the easy displacement of the chloride with nucleophiles such as amines:

(ClCN)3 + 2 RNH2 → (RNHCN)(ClCN)2 + RNH3+Cl−

Other triazine herbicides, such as simazine, anilazine and cyromazine are made in an analogous way.[3]

Cyanuric chloride is also used as a precursor to dyes and crosslinking agents. The largest class of these dyes are the sulfonated triazine-stilbene optical brighteners (OBA) or fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) commonly found in detergent formulas and white paper.[2] Many reactive dyes also incorporate a triazine ring. They are also manufactured by way of the chloride displacement reaction shown above.[3][4]

Organic synthesis

Cyanuric chloride is employed as a reagent in organic synthesis for the conversion of alcohols into alkyl chlorides,[5] and carboxylic acids into acyl chlorides:[6]

It is also used as a dehydrating agent, e.g. in the conversion of amides to nitriles,[7] and for the activation of carboxylic acids for reduction to alcohols. Heating with DMF gives "Gold's reagent" Me2NCH=NCH=NMe2+Cl−, which is a versatile source of aminoalkylations and a precursor to heterocycles.[8][9]

The chloride centers are easily replaced by amines to give melamine derivatives, for example in the synthesis of dendrimers:[10][11]

Cyanuric chloride based dendrimer

It is also employed the synthesis of an experimental adenosine receptor ligand.:[12]

Example use cyanuric chloride in pharma WO 03101980 patent

Cyanuric chloride can also be used as an alternative to oxalyl chloride in the Swern oxidation.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Cyanuric chloride at Chemicalland21.com
  2. ^ a b Klaus Huthmacher, Dieter Most "Cyanuric Acid and Cyanuric Chloride" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a08_191.
  3. ^ a b Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals, 3rd edition, 2011, pages 2495-8
  4. ^ Tappe, Horst; Helmling, Walter; Mischke, Peter; Rebsamen, Karl; Reiher, Uwe; Russ, Werner; Schläfer, Ludwig; Vermehren, Petra (2000). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_651. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  5. ^ Stanley R. Sandler (1970). "Cyanuric chloride. A novel laboratory hydrochlorinating reagent for alcohols". J. Org. Chem. 35 (11): 3967–3968. doi:10.1021/jo00836a088.
  6. ^ K. Venkataraman & D. R. Wagle (1979). "Cyanuric chloride : a useful reagent for converting carboxylic acids into chlorides, esters, amides and peptides". Tetrahedron Lett. 20 (32): 3037–3040. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)71006-9.
  7. ^ George A. Olah; Subhash C. Narang; Alexander P. Fung & B. G. Balaram Gupta (1980). "Synthetic Methods and Reactions; 82. Cyanuric Chloride, a Mild Dehydrating Agent in the Preparation of Nitriles from Amides". Synthesis. 8: 657–658. doi:10.1055/s-1980-29160.
  8. ^ Probst, D. A.; Hanson, P. R.; Barda, D. A. "Cyanuric Chloride" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2004, John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rn00320
  9. ^ John T. Gupton; Steven A. Andrews (1990). "β-Dimethylaminomethylenation: N,N-Dimethyl-N'-p-tolylformamidine". Organic Syntheses; Collected Volumes, vol. 7, p. 197.
  10. ^ Abdellatif Chouai & Eric E. Simanek (2008). "Kilogram-Scale Synthesis of a Second-Generation Dendrimer Based on 1,3,5-Triazine Using Green and Industrially Compatible Methods with a Single Chromatographic Step". J. Org. Chem. 73 (6): 2357–2366. doi:10.1021/jo702462t. PMID 18307354. S2CID 24304872.
  11. ^ Reagent: DIPEA, amine protective group: BOC
  12. ^ WO application 03101980, "1,3,5-TRIAZINE DERIVATIVES AS LIGANDS FOR HUMAN ADENOSINE-A3 RECEPTORS", published 2003-12-11  (Reagent number two: norephedrine, base DIPEA)
  13. ^ De Luca, L.; Giacomelli, G.; Procheddu, A (2001). "A Mild and Efficient Alternative to the Classical Swern Oxidation". J. Org. Chem. 66 (23): 7907–7909. doi:10.1021/jo015935s. PMID 11701058.