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Welcome to the Poetry Portal

The first lines of the Iliad
The first lines of the Iliad
Great Seal Script character for poetry, ancient China
Great Seal Script character for poetry, ancient China

Poetry (from the Greek word poiesis, "making") is a form of literary art that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, literal or surface-level meanings. Any particular instance of poetry is called a poem and is written by a poet. Poets use a variety of techniques called poetic devices, such as assonance, alliteration, euphony and cacophony, onomatopoeia, rhythm (via metre), and sound symbolism, to produce musical or incantatory effects. Most poems are formatted in verse: a series or stack of lines on a page, which follow a rhythmic or other deliberate pattern. For this reason, verse has also become a synonym (a metonym) for poetry.

Poetry has a long and varied history, evolving differentially across the globe. It dates back at least to prehistoric times with hunting poetry in Africa and to panegyric and elegiac court poetry of the empires of the Nile, Niger, and Volta River valleys. Some of the earliest written poetry in Africa occurs among the Pyramid Texts written during the 25th century BCE. The earliest surviving Western Asian epic poem, the Epic of Gilgamesh, was written in the Sumerian language.

Early poems in the Eurasian continent evolved from folk songs such as the Chinese Shijing as well as from religious hymns (the Sanskrit Rigveda, the Zoroastrian Gathas, the Hurrian songs, and the Hebrew Psalms); or from a need to retell oral epics, as with the Egyptian Story of Sinuhe, Indian epic poetry, and the Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey. (Full article...)

Selected article

Four Quartets is a set of four poems written by T. S. Eliot that were published individually over a six-year period. The first poem, Burnt Norton, was written and published with a collection of his early works following the production of Eliot's play Murder in the Cathedral. After a few years, Eliot composed the other three poems, East Coker, The Dry Salvages, and Little Gidding, which were written during World War II and the air-raids on Great Britain. The poems were not collected until Eliot's New York publisher printed them together in 1943. They were first published as a series in Great Britain in 1944 towards the end of Eliot's poetic career.

Four Quartets are four interlinked meditations with the common theme being man's relationship with time, the universe, and the divine. In describing his understanding of the divine within the poems, Eliot blends his Anglo-Catholicism with mystical, philosophical and poetic works from both Eastern and Western religious and cultural traditions, with references to the Bhagavad-Gita and the Pre-Socratics as well as St. John of the Cross and Julian of Norwich.

Although many critics find the Four Quartets to be Eliot's great last work, some of Eliot's contemporary critics, including George Orwell, were dissatisfied with Eliot's overt religiosity. Later critics disagreed with Orwell's claims about the poems and argued instead that the religious themes made the poem stronger. Overall, reviews of the poem within Great Britain were favourable while reviews in the United States were split between those who liked Eliot's later style and others who felt he had abandoned positive aspects of his earlier poetry. (Full article...)

Selected image

Door with inscription, Sator Arepo Tenet Opera Rotas, a form of palindrome
image credit: © Guillaume Piolle / CC-BY-3.0

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Charles Baudelaire
Charles Baudelaire
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Selected biography

Poem by Du Fu, as written by Dong Qichang, 16th or 17th century
Poem by Du Fu, as written by Dong Qichang, 16th or 17th century

Du Fu (Wade–Giles: Tu Fu; Chinese: 杜甫; pinyin: Dù Fǔ; 712 – 770) was a prominent Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty. Along with Li Bai (Li Po), he is frequently called the greatest of the Chinese poets. His greatest ambition was to serve his country as a successful civil servant, but he proved unable to make the necessary accommodations. His life, like the whole country, was devastated by the An Lushan Rebellion of 755, and his last 15 years were a time of almost constant unrest.

Although initially he was little-known to other writers, his works came to be hugely influential in both Chinese and Japanese literary culture. Of his poetic writing, nearly fifteen hundred poems have been preserved over the ages. He has been called the "Poet-Historian" and the "Poet-Sage" by Chinese critics, while the range of his work has allowed him to be introduced to Western readers as "the Chinese Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Shakespeare, Milton, Burns, Wordsworth, Béranger, Hugo or Baudelaire".

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Selected poem

A Mountain Home by Heinrich Heine

On the mountain stands the shieling,
    Where the good old miner dwells;
Green firs rustle, and the moonbeams
    Gild the mountain heights and fells.

In the shieling stands an armchair,
    Carven quaint and cunningly;
Happy he who rests within it,
    And that happy guest am I.

On the footstool sits the lassie,
    Leans upon my lap her head;
Eyes of blue, twin stars in heaven,
    Mouth as any rosebud red.

And the blue eyes gaze upon me,
    Limpid, large as midnight skies;
And the lily finger archly
    On the opening rosebud lies.

"No, the mother cannot see us –
    At her wheel she spins away;
Father hears not-he is singing
    To the zitter that old lay."

So the little maiden whispers,
    Softly, that none else may hear,
Whispers her profoundest secrets
    Unmistrusting in my ear.

Now that auntie's dead, we cannot
    Go again to Goslar, where
People flock to see the shooting:
    'Tis as merry as a fair.

And up here it's lonely, lonely,
    On the mountain bleak and drear;
For the snow lies deep in winter;
    We are buried half the year.

And, you know, I'm such a coward,
    Frightened like a very child
At the wicked mountain spirits,
    Goblins who by night run wild."

Suddenly the sweet voice ceases;
    Startled with a strange surprise
At her own words straight the maiden
    Covers with both hands her eyes.

Louder outdoors moans the fir-tree,
    And the wheel goes whirring round;
Snatches of the song come wafted
    With the zitter's fitful sound.

Fear not, pretty one, nor tremble
    At the evil spirits' might;
Angels, dearest child, are keeping
    Watch around thee day and night.

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