Daphne

by | Mar 21, 2018 | Daphne

How Can We Help?
You are here:
< Back
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
more encyclopaedic
→‎Demographics: copyedit no. 1
Line 132: Line 132:


== Demographics ==
== Demographics ==
Population growth was 2.84% as of 2019, with sex ratio of around 100:106, means for every 100 female there are 106 male population. As of 2020, city's population is dominated by young demographic above 15 years, make up estimated 222,285 people on reproductive age. There are estimated 199,140 Muslims, 73,641 Protestants, 5,511 Catholics, 3,453 Hindu, 485 Buddhist, 8 Confucianist, and 27 followers of other religions such as folk religions in the city.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> Population particularly on age range 20 - 24 keep increasing, thought to be caused by students from other regions in Central Kalimantan moving to the city for pursuing college.<ref name=":3" />
Population growth was 2.84% as of 2019, with sex ratio of 106 males per 100 females. As of 2020, city's population is dominated by younger demographics above the age of 15, making up an estimated 222,285 people of reproductive age. There are estimated to be 199,140 Muslims, 73,641 Protestants, 5,511 Catholics, 3,453 Hindus, 485 Buddhists, 8 Confucians, and 27 followers of other religions such as folk religions.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> The population of age 20 - 24 keeps increasing; this is thought to be caused by students from other regions in Central Kalimantan moving to the city to pursue higher education.<ref name=":3" />


== Economy ==
== Economy ==
[[File:Palangka Raya at night.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Palangka Raya at night. Unlike other region in Central Kalimantan that depends on natural resources, Palangka Raya economy relies mostly on service, financial, & trade sector.|left]]
[[File:Palangka Raya at night.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Palangka Raya at night. Unlike other region in Central Kalimantan that depends on natural resources, Palangka Raya economy relies mostly on service, financial, & trade sector.|left]]
Economic growth was 7% in 2019, which is above national average and inflation rate on the same year was 0.85%. Unemployment rate was 6% on 2020. Service sector is the biggest contributor to city's gross regional product with figure of 28.36% on 2020. This is a contrast compared to neighbouring regions which mainly still relies on argiruclture and extraction. Another biggest contributor to city's economy after service was trade on same year with figure of 17.85% and construction with 11.06%. Other than that, financial and banking sector also provides around 6% to the city. Agriculture, foresty, plantation, and fishery all combined only contributes 2.45% of city's economy in 2019. Figures of crops yield decreased from year to year rapidly, such as production of [[Chili pepper|red chili]] from 2,864 tons in 2018 to just more than 200 tons in 2020. Fish catchs also decreases 19.8% from 2018 to 2019. Tourism is small but growing sector, with 389,235 domestic tourists and 3,865 foreign tourists visited the city in 2019.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> The city government own 2.47% shares of Central Kalimantan Bank together with provincial government, an [[Indonesian regional development bank]] operating in the province, on 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Profil Perusahaan|url=http://www.bankkalteng.co.id/info/Profil-Perusahaan|access-date=2021-04-23|website=www.bankkalteng.co.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Blog - BANK KALTENG BAGI DIVIDEN TAHUN BUKU 2017|url=http://www.bankkalteng.co.id/blog/BANK-KALTENG-BAGI-DIVIDEN-TAHUN-BUKU-2017|access-date=2021-04-23|website=www.bankkalteng.co.id}}</ref>
Economic growth was 7% in 2019, above the national average, and inflation rate in the same year was 0.85%. Unemployment rate was 6% in 2020. The service sector is the largest contributor to city's gross regional product, contributing 28.36% of it in 2020, in contrast with neighbouring regions which still rely mainly on argiruclture and extraction. The next largest contributor to city's economy in 2020 was trade, with figure of 17.85%, followed by construction with 11.06%. The financial and banking sector provides around 6% of the city's economy. Agriculture, foresty, plantation, and fishery all combined contributed to 2.45% of the city's economy in 2019. Crop yields decreased rapidly from year-on-year; production of [[Chili pepper|red chili]] dropped from 2,864 tons in 2018 to just more than 200 tons in 2020. Fish catch also decreased by 19.8% from 2018 to 2019. Tourism is a small but growing sector, with 389,235 domestic tourists and 3,865 foreign tourists visiting the city in 2019.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> The city government owns 2.47% of the shares of Central Kalimantan Bank together with provincial government. An [[Indonesian regional development bank]] has been operating in the province since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Profil Perusahaan|url=http://www.bankkalteng.co.id/info/Profil-Perusahaan|access-date=2021-04-23|website=www.bankkalteng.co.id}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Blog - BANK KALTENG BAGI DIVIDEN TAHUN BUKU 2017|url=http://www.bankkalteng.co.id/blog/BANK-KALTENG-BAGI-DIVIDEN-TAHUN-BUKU-2017|access-date=2021-04-23|website=www.bankkalteng.co.id}}</ref>


==Governance==
==Governance==


=== Administrative divisions ===
=== Administrative divisions ===
Prior to decentralization in 2001, Palangka Raya had two administrative districts, namely Pahandut and Bukit Batu. Now, Palangka Raya consists of five administrative [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]], tabulated below with their areas and population totals from the 2010 Census<ref name="auto2">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and from the latest 2020 official estimates.<ref name=":2" />
Prior to decentralization in 2001, Palangka Raya had two administrative districts, Pahandut and Bukit Batu. Now, Palangka Raya consists of five administrative [[Districts of Indonesia|districts]], tabulated below with their areas and population totals from the 2010 Census<ref name="auto2">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and from the latest official estimates from 2020.<ref name=":2" />


{| class="sortable wikitable"
{| class="sortable wikitable"
Line 161: Line 161:


=== Local government ===
=== Local government ===
As with all of [[City status in Indonesia|Indonesian cities]], it is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and vice mayor together with the city parliament, and it is equivalent to regency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UU 22 1999|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_1999_22.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Executive power lies in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislation duties are carried by local parliament. Mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are democratically elected by people of the city in an election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UU 8 2015|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/1627.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Meanwhile, head of districts are appointed directly by city mayor with recommendation by the city secretary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PP No. 17 Tahun 2018 tentang Kecamatan [JDIH BPK RI]|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/77921/pp-no-17-tahun-2018|access-date=2021-04-16|website=peraturan.bpk.go.id}}</ref><ref>Government Law No.19 1998</ref>
As with all [[City status in Indonesia|Indonesian cities]], it is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and a vice mayor together with the city parliament, and it is equivalent to a regency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UU 22 1999|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_1999_22.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Executive power is vested in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are vested in the local parliament. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are directly elected by the people of the city in an election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UU 8 2015|url=https://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/1627.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Heads of districts are appointed by the mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PP No. 17 Tahun 2018 tentang Kecamatan [JDIH BPK RI]|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/77921/pp-no-17-tahun-2018|access-date=2021-04-16|website=peraturan.bpk.go.id}}</ref><ref>Government Law No.19 1998</ref>


=== Politics ===
=== Politics ===

Revision as of 04:58, 29 April 2021

Palangka Raya is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of Central Kalimantan. The city is situated between the Kahayan and the Sabangau rivers on the island of Borneo. The city had a population of 291,667 as of 2020. Palangka Raya is the largest city by land area in Indonesia. Most of the area of 2,853.12 km2 is forested, including protected forests, nature conservation areas, and Tangkiling Forest.[5] The city was a candidate to become the new Indonesian capital until the 2019 announcement that the new capital will be in North Penajam Paser Regency and Kutai Kartanegara Regency, both in East Kalimantan.[6][7][8]

Etymology

The Kahayan River through the city of Palangka Raya.

Palangka Raya consists of a combination of two words which are from the Dayak Ngaju Language and Sanskrit. Palangka (Ngaju) means a sacred site and raya (Sanskrit) means vast, thus Palangka Raya means a vast sacred site. It was previously consisted of small Dayak village of Pahandut surrounded by rainforest.[9][10]

History

Map of Kalimantan under Dutch colonial rule

Colonial Era

According to Staatsblad van Nederlandisch Indië in 1849, the region was previously known as "Dayak Mulia" and was sparsely populated. The region was ceded by Sultan Adam of Banjar under a contract signed on 4 May 1826, written on second point read:[11]

English translation (translated from Dutch version)[11][12]:

The fifth article of the Convention is hereby deemed to have lapsed and shall be replaced by the following lapsed and is replaced by the following. Thus, His Highness The Sultan Sulaiman, stands a 111 Guldens full ownership to his entire island of Tatas and the Kuin, to the left bank of the Atasan Kecil, Lewai, Jelai, Sintang, Takyanyauw, Pagatan, and the island of Pulau Laut, Kotta Ringin, Passir, Kute, Barouw and all their dependencies present. His Highness cedes half of the lands of Pambuan, Mandawi, Sampit, Dayak Besar and Dayak Kecil, the Bakumpai, and Dusun. On the other hand, the Government cedes half of the land it has lands which the Government has acquired at the Government at the request of His Highness Government has taken possession of at the request of Mr. Hare. Namely Molucco, Laut, the Koeroe, Leanangan, and all their dependencies up to Tanjong Selatan and eastward to Pagatan and Pasir.

It was integrated into Zuid Ooster Afdeeling in accordance of Bêsluit van den Minister van Staat, Gouverneur-Generaal van Nederlandsch-Indie No. 8 , 27 August 1849.[13] On 1898, it became part of Afdeeling Dajaklandeen in accordance of Staatblad 1898 No. 178.[14][15] Dutch rule remained weak in this region and several revolts from native rulers taken place, such as under Raden Djaija & Pambakal Sulil in 1849.[16][15]

Establishment

Sukarno visiting Palangka Raya during its early development, presumably between 1957 - 1960

Central Kalimantan province was established on 23 May 1957. The first Indonesian president, Sukarno, initiated construction of the city of Palangka Raya, the capital of the new province. Initially, it was planned as the new capital of Indonesia to replace Jakarta.[17] In 1957, when President Sukarno inaugurated a monument in the place that was then still called Pahandut, he expressed his desire to make the city the new republic's future capital.[18] The first pillar of Palangka Raya City development was done[19] by the President of the Republic of Indonesia at the time, Sukarno on 17 July 1957 marked the inauguration of the monument to the provincial capital of Central Kalimantan in Pahandut. Then, based on Law No. 21 of 1958, Pahandut was renamed to Palangka Raya City, maintaining its status as the provincial seat.[20]

Geography

Palangka Raya borders Gunung Mas Regency to the north and east, Katingan Regency to the west, and Pulang Pisau Regency to the south. The area's soil consists mostly of peat and alluvium in its southern part and podzol on the northern part of the city. Overall, podzol soil dominates the city soil with 218,486 out of 285,349 hectares of city's landscape. Most of the city's topography is flat, with a general slope of less than 40 percent.[21] Palangka Raya is mostly located around 35 meters above sea level.[22][23]

10,105.34 hectares of land in the city is designated as protected forest, while 90,722.15 hectares are production forest. In addition, there are also 63,816.40 hectares of national park, 1,771.13 hectares of nature reserve, and 726.20 hectares of preserved nature.[21]

Climate

Palangka Raya has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall year-round. According to Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency, average temperature in Palangka Raya is 27.28 Celsius, minimum temperature 21.4 Celsius, and highest temperature 35.2 Celsius. Moisture is between 65 - 95% with yearly average of 82.89%. Wind usually flows between 2 and 22 knots, with yearly average of 5.3 knots. Increase of wind speed is expected in August and November.[21]

Climate data for Palangka Raya
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.3
(84.7) 		30.0
(86.0) 		30.3
(86.5) 		30.9
(87.6) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.9
(89.4) 		31.5
(88.7) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.1
(86.2) 		30.8
(87.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25.7
(78.3) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.7
(80.1) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.2
(81.0) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.7
(80.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.9
(73.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.6
(72.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.6
(72.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 269
(10.6) 		268
(10.6) 		295
(11.6) 		272
(10.7) 		256
(10.1) 		156
(6.1) 		126
(5.0) 		125
(4.9) 		152
(6.0) 		166
(6.5) 		242
(9.5) 		271
(10.7) 		2,598
(102.3)
Source: [24]

Demographics

Population growth was 2.84% as of 2019, with sex ratio of 106 males per 100 females. As of 2020, city's population is dominated by younger demographics above the age of 15, making up an estimated 222,285 people of reproductive age. There are estimated to be 199,140 Muslims, 73,641 Protestants, 5,511 Catholics, 3,453 Hindus, 485 Buddhists, 8 Confucians, and 27 followers of other religions such as folk religions.[25][23] The population of age 20 - 24 keeps increasing; this is thought to be caused by students from other regions in Central Kalimantan moving to the city to pursue higher education.[25]

Economy

Palangka Raya at night. Unlike other region in Central Kalimantan that depends on natural resources, Palangka Raya economy relies mostly on service, financial, & trade sector.

Economic growth was 7% in 2019, above the national average, and inflation rate in the same year was 0.85%. Unemployment rate was 6% in 2020. The service sector is the largest contributor to city's gross regional product, contributing 28.36% of it in 2020, in contrast with neighbouring regions which still rely mainly on argiruclture and extraction. The next largest contributor to city's economy in 2020 was trade, with figure of 17.85%, followed by construction with 11.06%. The financial and banking sector provides around 6% of the city's economy. Agriculture, foresty, plantation, and fishery all combined contributed to 2.45% of the city's economy in 2019. Crop yields decreased rapidly from year-on-year; production of red chili dropped from 2,864 tons in 2018 to just more than 200 tons in 2020. Fish catch also decreased by 19.8% from 2018 to 2019. Tourism is a small but growing sector, with 389,235 domestic tourists and 3,865 foreign tourists visiting the city in 2019.[25][23] The city government owns 2.47% of the shares of Central Kalimantan Bank together with provincial government. An Indonesian regional development bank has been operating in the province since 2017.[26][27]

Governance

Administrative divisions

Prior to decentralization in 2001, Palangka Raya had two administrative districts, Pahandut and Bukit Batu. Now, Palangka Raya consists of five administrative districts, tabulated below with their areas and population totals from the 2010 Census[28] and from the latest official estimates from 2020.[23]

Name Area
in km2		 Population
Estimate
(2020) in Thousands
Pahandut District 199.73 97.1
Sabangau District 640.73 24.1
Jekan Raya District 387.53 154.4
Bukit Batu District 603.14 14.0
Rakumpit District 1,101.99 4.0
Totals 2,853.12 293.5

Local government

As with all Indonesian cities, it is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and a vice mayor together with the city parliament, and it is equivalent to a regency.[29] Executive power is vested in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are vested in the local parliament. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are directly elected by the people of the city in an election.[30] Heads of districts are appointed by the mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary.[31][32]

Politics

Palangka Raya is part of 1st Central Kalimantan electoral district in provincial level, together with Katingan Regency and Gunung Mas Regency have representatives of 10 out of 45 in provincial parliament. In city level, Palangka Raya is divided into three electoral districts. City parliament in total has 30 representatives that are democratically elected by people of the city in an election. Jekan Raya District is divided into two in electoral district distribution, with Jekan Raya A consist of Bukit Tunggal and Petuk Katimpun Subdistrict, and Jekan Raya B consist of Menteng and Palangka Subdistrict. Last election was on 2019 and the next one would be on 2024.[33] As Palangka Raya is also provincial capital, it also has governor office & provincial parliament of Central Kalimantan located in the city.

Electoral District Region Representatives
Palangka Raya City 1st
  • Bukit Batu District
  • Jekan Raya A (Bukit Tunggal Subdistrict, Petuk Katimpun Subdistrict)
  • Rakumpit District
 8
Palangka Raya City 2nd
  • Jekan Raya B (Menteng Subdistrict, Palangka Subdistrict)
 10
Palangka Raya City 3rd
  • Pahandut Distirct
  • Sabangau District
 12
Total 30

Culture and entertaiment

Decorated boat competition, part of Isen Mulang Festival

Entertaiment

Several malls exist in the city, such as Palangka Raya Mall, Mega Town Square, and Barata Departement Store. Palangka Raya Mall is integrated with a hotel named Hotel Neo, which has an interior connection to the mall.[34][35] Construction of the Palangka Raya Trade Center was halted in 2019 because of a land dispute and followed by Supreme Court of Indonesia's rejection of the prosecutor's dispute.[36][37]

According to city media center, Palangka Raya has 63 city parks as of January 2020. These parks scattered in Pahandut, Jekan Raya, and Sebangau District.[38] Cultural events are often held on city park beside Kahayan Bridge.[39] The Sebangau District is home to Sebangau National Park, which was established in 2004.[40][41] The Balanga Museum has collections focused on history of Dayak people and their culture. It was built in 1973 and inaugurated in 1990.[42][43]

Festival

The preservation of Dayak culture has been promoted by the provincial government through cultural events and festivals, including the annual Isen Mulang Festival, usually held in May and June.[44][45] Other festivals were later held in 2020 with support of Ministry of Tourism, including those celebrating Malay cultures.[46]

Sport

Palangka Raya is home to Kalteng Putra F.C, which as of 2021 competes in Liga 2 after degradation from Liga 1. Its home stadion is Tuah Pahoe Stadium, located in Jekan Raya District. It was expanded on 2019 to increase stadion's capacity, in addition of facility upgrades.[47][48][49][50]

Infrastructure

Education

There are 134 kindergartens, 146 elementary schools, 60 junior highschools, 34 senior highschools, and 16 vocational highschools in the city. Palangka Raya is a home to number of universities & higher education institutions. University of Palangka Raya is the only public university in the city and the most notable one in the city. Other higher education institutions are Palangka Raya Christiant University, Tampung Penyang Hindu Institute, Palangka Raya Muhammadiyah University, among many others.[51][22][52] School enrollment rate as of 2020 was 99%.[22]

Healthcare

Palangka Raya city has eight hospitals (including two maternity hospitals), five polyclinics, 35 puskesmas, and eight pharmacy. One of the biggest public hospital, Doris Sylvanus Regional Hospital, is owned by city government and has been rated by Ministry of Health as B-class hospital. Another public hospital, Palangka Raya Regional Hospital, is also owned by city government, and has been classified as D-class.[53][54] Notable private hospital companies such as Siloam Hospitals also exist in the city.[55] The city also has several laboratorium facilities for many purposes, such as disease control, water & food quality check, and animal health laboratory.[56][57][58][59] Life expectancy of the city is 73.19 years, which is significantly higher than national average and the highest in the province.[23][25]

Darussalam Grand Mosque, Palangka Raya

Religion

There are exactly 234 mosques, 204 churches, four Hindu temples, and five Chinese Buddhist temples in the city as of 2020.[23][25] The largest mosque in the city, according to Ministry of Religious Affairs, is Darussalam Grand Mosque Palangka Raya. It occupies 50,000 square meters of land and has maximum capacity of 10,000 people. It was built in 1984 and located in Jekan Raya District.[60]

St. Mary's Cathedral, Palangkaraya, a Catholic church, located also in Jekan Raya District. It was inaugurated on 21 March 1999.[61] Hindu temples in the city such as Pura Pitamaha, the biggest out of the four, located also in Jekan Raya District, was constructed by Indonesian Army to help local Hindu population in 1978 and now mostly used by Balinese migrants.[62][63][64][65]

Transportation

Tjilik Riwut Airport, main airport in Palangka Raya and Central Kalimantan

The city is served by Tjilik Riwut Airport, which is also home to an aviation school operated by Lion Air.[66] The airport served more than 8,000 aircraft and approximately 800,000 passengers in 2020.[22] Palangka Raya has total of 911.83 kilometers of road, of which 563.73 kilometers have been paved with asphalt.[22]

Palangka Raya BRT bus on a bus stop

The Kahayan River bisects the city and is also used for means of transportation. The city has one port, Rambang Port, located on the river and was the primary transit point for goods up until the 1980s. Improved road conditions between Palangka Raya and other regions such as Banjarmasin and Sampit resulted in a decline in the port's use, leading to disrepair.[67][68] The city government has announced plans to revitalize the river port as a historic landmark and tourist destination.[67][69]

The city has a bus rapid transit system operated by city government, named BRT Palangkaraya. This BRT system has three lines, and was launched in early 2019. Its operation was halted during the COVID-19 pandemic until resuming on 8 November 2020.[70][71][72] App-based ride-hailing services such as Gojek and Grab also serve the city.[73][74]

Media

According to Indonesia Press Council, there are 14 mass media companies registered in Palangka Raya, ranging from online news, printed media, to television.[75] Radio Republik Indonesia has local branch operating in Palangka Raya, as with most of other major cities in Indonesia.[76][77][78] According to Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, there were 13 unlicensed media in Palangka Raya as of 2017.[79]

References

  1. ^ "BPS Palangka".
  2. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, 2021.
  3. ^ "BPS Palangka Raya".
  4. ^ "Pembangunan Manusia | Kota Palangka Raya". ipm.bps.go.id. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  5. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  6. ^ Picheta, Rob (26 August 2019). "Indonesia will build its new capital city in Borneo as Jakarta sinks into the Java Sea". CNN. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  7. ^ VIVA, PT VIVA MEDIA BARU- (30 July 2010). "Mengapa Palangkaraya Paling Pas Jadi Ibukota". www.viva.co.id.
  8. ^ "Statistik Palangkaraya 2020".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ "Asal-Usul Nama Palangkaraya". 5 November 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  10. ^ "Profil Palangka Raya" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ a b "Perjanjian-Perjanjian Antara Kesultanan Banjarmasin dengan Pemerintah Inggris, Republik Batavia, dan Hindia Belanda" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ Translated using DeepL
  13. ^ Staatsblad van Nederlandisch Indië (in Dutch). 1849.
  14. ^ Harmsen, Leendert Karel (1875). Bahoewa ini ilmoe boemi ija-itoe pada menjatakan perihal tanah kepoelauwan hindija di sabelah Timor jang di bawah perentah goewernemen Holanda (in Indonesian). Ogilvie.
  15. ^ a b Almanak van Nederlandsch-Indië voor het jaar ... (in Dutch). Lands Drukkery. 1870. p. 83.
  16. ^ Mayur, Gusti (1979). Perang Banjar (in Indonesian). Rapi.
  17. ^ VIVA, PT VIVA MEDIA BARU- (30 July 2010). "Mengapa Palangkaraya Paling Pas Jadi Ibukota". www.viva.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  18. ^ Nasrudin Ansori, "Cruising the Dream Capital", Garuda Magazine, September 2010
  19. ^ "Tugu di Palangkaraya Ini Dibangun Soekarno saat Menggagas Rencana Ibu Kota Negara Indonesia". Kaltim Tribun News. 2017.
  20. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. ^ a b c "Geografis". Pemerintah Kota Palangka Raya (in Indonesian). 3 June 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  22. ^ a b c d e "Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah". kalteng.bps.go.id. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  23. ^ a b c d e f "BPS Kota Palangka Raya". palangkakota.bps.go.id. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  24. ^ "Palangka Raya climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Palangka Raya weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org.
  25. ^ a b c d e "BPS Kota Palangka Raya". palangkakota.bps.go.id. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  26. ^ "Profil Perusahaan". www.bankkalteng.co.id. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  27. ^ "Blog - BANK KALTENG BAGI DIVIDEN TAHUN BUKU 2017". www.bankkalteng.co.id. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  28. ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  29. ^ "UU 22 1999" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ^ "UU 8 2015" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ^ "PP No. 17 Tahun 2018 tentang Kecamatan [JDIH BPK RI]". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  32. ^ Government Law No.19 1998
  33. ^ "Keputusan KPU Kalteng 284" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ^ "Mall Palangka Raya | Visit Palangkaraya". Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  35. ^ "Pusat Perbelanjaan di Palangka Raya - Info Palangka Raya". www.palangkarayaku.com. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  36. ^ "Direktorat Putusan Mahkamah Agung RI".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  37. ^ "Ahli Waris Vs Mall PTC Berlanjut". Tabengan Online (in Indonesian). 14 November 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  38. ^ nurjianti. "Palangka Raya Sudah Punya 63 Taman Kota". Media Center Isen Mulang Palangka Raya (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  39. ^ "Wisata Kalteng, Di Kawasan Bawah Jembatan Kahayan Palangkaraya, Sering Digelar Event Budaya". Banjarmasin Post (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  40. ^ Liputan6.com (6 January 2020). "7 Tempat Wisata di Palangkaraya Terbaik, Gabungan Kekayaan Alam dan Budaya". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ "THE IMPORTANCE OF ECOLOGICAL MONITORING FOR HABITAT MANAGEMENT - A CASE STUDY IN THE SABANGAU FOREST, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  42. ^ Febriyana, Wahyu. "Kenali Suku Dayak Lewat Museum Balanga". mmckalteng (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  43. ^ "Pariwisata". Pemerintah Kota Palangka Raya (in Indonesian). 8 June 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  44. ^ "Ragam Budaya di Festival Isen Mulang". web.archive.org. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  45. ^ Alfrianto (13 August 2018). "Memperkenalkan Budaya Dayak Lewat Festival Budaya Borneo". Pemerintah Kota Palangka Raya (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  46. ^ Cahyana, Ludhy (10 January 2020). "3 Festival Budaya Kalteng, Sukses Tembus CoE Kemenparekraf". Tempo. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  47. ^ "Stadion Tuah Pahoe Rampung Juli 2019".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. ^ "KaltengPedia - Stadion Tuah Pahoe Palangkaraya Kandang PS Kalteng Putra Berlaga di Liga 1 Indonesia". Banjarmasin Post (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  49. ^ RRI 2021, LPP. "Stadion Tuah Pahoe, Dari Masa ke Masa : Prsstasi menanti dari kawasan Tuah Pahoe". rri.co.id. Retrieved 23 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ News, Tagar (23 December 2017). "Kalteng Putra Turun Kasta, Stadion Tetap Direnovasi". TAGAR (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  51. ^ "Daftar Perguruan Tinggi Negeri & Swasta di Kalimantan Tengah - PENDAFTARAN MAHASISWA". www.pendaftaranmahasiswa.web.id. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  52. ^ "Universitas Palangka Raya". campus.quipper.com. Retrieved 23 April 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  53. ^ "Informasi SDM Kesehatan Nasional". bppsdmk.kemkes.go.id. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  54. ^ "Informasi SDM Kesehatan Nasional". bppsdmk.kemkes.go.id. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  55. ^ "Siloam-Hospitals-Palangka Raya". www.siloamhospitals.com. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  56. ^ dlh. "Jasa Layanan UPTD Laboratorium Lingkungan". Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Palangka Raya (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  57. ^ Febriyana, Wahyu. "Lab. Kesehatan Hewan dan Masyarakat Veteriner Kalteng, Siap Tindaklanjuti Pengaduan Masyarakat". mmckalteng (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  58. ^ nurjianti. "Sehari Periksa 24 Sampel, Sejak Alat Swab Tes Beroperasi". Media Center Isen Mulang Palangka Raya (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  59. ^ nurjianti. "DLH Palangka Raya Miliki Laboratorium Uji Kualitas Air". Media Center Isen Mulang Palangka Raya (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  60. ^ "Sistem Informasi Masjid". simas.kemenag.go.id. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  61. ^ "Katedral Santa Maria". GCatholic. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  62. ^ "Melihat Pura Pitamaha Padma Bhuana yang Menjadi Tempat Persembahyangan Umat Hindu Palangaka Raya, Kalteng". Balipuspanews.com (in Indonesian). 3 March 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  63. ^ "Pura Pitamaha - Kota Palangkaraya". wikimapia.org (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  64. ^ "Sudah Ada Tiga Pura di Kota Cantik". Tribun Kalteng (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  65. ^ Home; Terkini; News, Top; Terpopuler; Nusantara; Nasional; Daerah, Kabar; Internasional; Bisnis. "Ratusan Umat Hindu Palangka Raya Ikuti Pawai Ogoh-Ogoh". Antara News Kalteng. Retrieved 23 April 2021. {{cite web}}: |last3= has generic name (help)
  66. ^ Hakim, Abdul Djalil (15 February 2013). "Lion Air Bangun Sekolah Pilot di Palangkaraya". Tempo. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  67. ^ a b developer, mediaindonesia com (2 July 2018). "Pelabuhan Rambang Kini Tinggal Kenangan". mediaindonesia.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  68. ^ "KaltengPedia : Profil Pelabuhan Rambang Sungai Kahayan Palangkaraya Kalteng". Banjarmasin Post (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  69. ^ "KaltengPedia : Pelabuhan Rambang Palangkaraya Kalteng Jadi Kawasan Wisata Kuliner". Banjarmasin Post (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  70. ^ nurjianti. "Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Gratis, Kembali Beroperasi". Media Center Isen Mulang Palangka Raya (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  71. ^ dishub. "PENAMBAHAN JADWAL OPERASIONAL BUS RAPID TRANSIT (BRT) KOTA PALANGKA RAYA PER 23 NOVEMBER 2019". Dinas Perhubungan Kota Palangka Raya (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  72. ^ "Ini Jadwal dan Rute Bus Rapid Transit Kota Palangka Raya". www.borneonews.co.id. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  73. ^ Alfrianto (17 December 2018). "GOJEK Palangka Raya Diluncurkan 17 Desember 2018". Pemerintah Kota Palangka Raya (in Indonesian). Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  74. ^ "Ojek Online di Palangka Raya - Info Palangka Raya". www.palangkarayaku.com. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  75. ^ "Dewan Pers". dewanpers.or.id. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  76. ^ "RRI PALANGKARAYA". penyiaranpublik.org (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  77. ^ "Berita Daerah | RRI Palangkaraya". rri.co.id. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  78. ^ "Listen to Palangkaraya radio stations online - best Palangkaraya music for free without registering at Onlineradiobox.com". OnlineRadioBox.com. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  79. ^ "SALINAN SURAT EDARAN DIREKTUR JENDERAL PENYELENGGARAAN POS DAN INFORMATIKA NOMOR 01 TAHUN 2017 TENTANG PENGGUNAAN SISTEM PERIZINAN PENYIARAN SECARA ONLINE" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

External links

Categories
Table of Contents