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Bismuth(III) iodide is the inorganic compound with the formula BiI3. This gray-black salt is the product of the reaction of bismuth and iodine, which once was of interest in qualitative inorganic analysis.[3][4]

Bismuth(III) iodide adopts a distinctive crystal structure, with iodide centres occupying a hexagonally closest-packed lattice, and bismuth centres occupying either none or two-thirds of the octahedral holes (alternating by layer), therefore it is said to occupy one third of the total octahedral holes.[5][6]

Synthesis

Bismuth(III) iodide forms upon heating an intimate mixture of iodine and bismuth powder:[7][8]

2Bi + 3I2 → 2BiI3

BiI3 can also be made by the reaction of bismuth oxide with aqueous hydroiodic acid:[9]

Bi2O3(s) + 6HI(aq) → 2BiI3(s) + 3H2O(l)

Reactions

Since bismuth(III) iodide is insoluble in water, an aqueous solution can be tested for the presence of Bi3+ ions by adding a source of iodide such as potassium iodide. A black precipitate of bismuth(III) iodide indicates a positive test.[10]

Bismuth(III) iodide forms iodobismuth(III) anions when heated with halide donors:[11]

2 NaI + BiI3 → Na2[BiI5]

Bismuth(III) iodide catalyzes the Mukaiyama aldol reaction. Bi(III) is also used in a Barbier type allylation of carbonyl compounds in combination with a reducing agent such as zinc or magnesium.

References

  1. ^ John Rumble (June 18, 2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 5–188. ISBN 978-1138561632.
  2. ^ Norman, Nicholas C. (1998), Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth, Springer, p. 95, ISBN 0-7514-0389-X, retrieved 2008-06-03
  3. ^ "Bismuth iodide", McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, McGraw-Hill, 2003, retrieved 2008-06-19
  4. ^ Turner, Jr., Francis M.; Berolzheimer, Daniel D.; Cutter, William P.; Helfrich, John (1920), The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, New York: Chemical Catalog Company, p. 107, retrieved 2008-06-19
  5. ^ Smart, Lesley; Moore, Elaine A. (2005), Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction, CRC Press, p. 40, ISBN 0-7487-7516-1, retrieved 2008-06-19
  6. ^ Mackay, Rosemary Ann; Henderson, W. (2002), Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry, CRC Press, pp. 122–6, ISBN 0-7487-6420-8, retrieved 2008-06-19
  7. ^ Watt, George W.; Hakki, Wafai W.; Choppin, Gregory R. (1953). "Bismuth(III) Iodide". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 4. pp. 114–116. doi:10.1002/9780470132357.ch38. ISBN 978-0-470-13163-3.
  8. ^ Erdmann, Hugo; Dunlap, Frederick Leavy (1900), Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 76, retrieved 2008-06-19
  9. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
  10. ^ Bruno, Thomas J.; Svoronos, Paris D. N. (2003), Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, p. 549, ISBN 0-8493-1573-5, retrieved 2008-06-19
  11. ^ Norman, Nicholas C. (1998), Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth, Springer, pp. 168–70, ISBN 0-7514-0389-X, retrieved 2008-06-19
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