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Jambi Malay (baso Jambi, Jawi: بهاس ملايو جمبي), is a Malayic language primarily spoken by the Jambi Malay people in Jambi, Indonesia, but also spoken by migrants who have settled in Jambi. The Jambi Malay language is considered as a dialect of the Malay language that is mainly spoken in Jambi, but it is also used in the southern part of Riau and the northern part of South Sumatra.[2] In Jambi, the Jambi Malay language has eight dialects, including the Tanjung Jabung dialect, Jambi City dialect, Muaro Jambi dialect, Batanghari dialect, Tebo dialect, Bungo dialect, Sarolangun dialect, and Merangin dialect. The Jambi Malay language is used as a lingua franca and for interaction among the various ethnic groups in Jambi. The differences between each dialect in the Jambi Malay language range from about 51 to 80 percent.[3]

Historically, the people of Jambi are part of the Malay world. This can be seen from archaeological and historical research findings, such as the discovery of charters and inscriptions like the Karang Berahi and Kedukan Bukit inscriptions, which use the structure of the Malay language, commonly referred to as Old Malay. The Karang Berahi and Kedukan Bukit inscriptions were found in the upper reaches of Jambi, located on the banks of the Marangin River, a tributary of the Batang Hari River.[4] Between the 17th century and the 19th century, Jambi was part of the Malay Sultanate of Jambi, which also encompasses parts of Riau and South Sumatra.[5] Due to influences from Javanese culture and cordial relations between the Jambi Sultanate and the Mataram Sultanate in the past, the Jambi Malay language has absorbed significant loanwords from Javanese.[5][6]

Classification

Jambi Malay is a dialect of Malay, which is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.[7]

Jambi Malay is closely related to Palembang Malay spoken in neighboring South Sumatra, specifically in terms of phonology and vocabulary.[8] It is also related to Riau Malay spoken in Riau and the surrounding islands, and Bengkulu Malay spoken in Bengkulu.

Geographic distribution and usage

Speakers of Jambi Malay are distributed throughout Jambi as well as the southern part of Riau.[9] Jambi Malay is the most widely spoken language in eastern Jambi and is also partially spoken in western Jambi, where Kerinci and Minangkabau dominate. Jambi Malay is the dominant language across most regencies and cities in Jambi, except for Kerinci Regency and the city of Sungai Penuh in western Jambi.[10] Meanwhile, West and East Tanjung Jabung Regency currently lack a dominant language due to an influx of transmigrants from other parts of Indonesia who speak their regional languages, such as Javanese and Bugis.[10] The Batin people, a subgroup of the Minangkabau people living in Jambi, speaks a dialect of Jambi Malay that is heavily influenced by Minangkabau.[11]

In Jambi, Indonesian is the primary language used in formal situations and education, while Jambi Malay serves as the lingua franca in informal contexts. It facilitates communication among the diverse ethnic groups residing in Jambi, such as the Javanese, Banjarese and Bugis.[12] Migrants in Jambi tend to code-switch between Jambi Malay, Indonesian and their native languages, especially in the market.[13] In addition, Jambi Malay is also spoken by Jambi diaspora living in other parts of Indonesia. Malay is the everyday language of the Jambi people, passed down by their ancestors throughout their lives. The use of Malay as a daily spoken language also impacts various fields such as history, religion, business, education, customs, traditions, architecture, literature, writing, as well as art and culture.[9] Based on historical evidence that has been found, such as inscriptions discovered in Jambi, Palembang, and Bangka, it can be concluded that the Malay language, which has long been used in Indonesia, especially in Sumatra, was prevalent in a major influential kingdom at that time. The development of Malay was closely linked with the growth and expansion of Srivijaya Empire.[9] The rise of Malay kingdoms and sultanates such as the Jambi Sultanate also contributes to the spread of Malay in Jambi.

Currently, Jambi Malay course is being taught by the University of Jambi's Faculty of Teacher Training and Education as part of the Indonesian Language and Literature Education study program. The course description for the Jambi Malay course, as formulated by the program's curriculum development team, is: "Students will appreciate cultural diversity by mastering the characteristics of the Jambi Malay language and applying this knowledge in various Jambi Malay cultural and literary activities."[14] On the other hand, there have been proposals to include Jambi Malay in the elementary school curriculum throughout Jambi as part of an effort to preserve the language.[15]

Dialects

There are eight different dialects of Jambi Malay, including the Tanjung Jabung dialect, Jambi City dialect, Muaro Jambi dialect, Batanghari dialect, Tebo dialect, Bungo dialect, Sarolangun dialect, and Merangin dialect.[3] Each dialect has its own subdialects, which may also differ from one another. Nevertheless, all of these dialects are generally mutually intelligible.

The Jambi City dialect is regarded as the prestigious dialect of Jambi Malay due to Jambi City's historical and cultural significance as the seat of ancient Malay kingdoms and sultanates.[16] Interestingly, Jambi City itself has two urban areas separated by the Batang Hari River, where each area has its own sub-distincts dialect: Jambi Kota dialect and Jambi Kota Seberang dialect.[17] Jambi Kota and Jambi Kota Seberang are administratively part of the city of Jambi. However, they exhibit different variations of the Malay language. For example, 'close the door' in Jambi Kota Malay is tutup pintu, which is the same as in Indonesian, while in Jambi Kota Seberang Malay it is kancing lawang. These examples differ lexically but share similar meanings and usage. Jambi Kota and Jambi Kota Seberang differ significantly because historically, Jambi Kota Seberang served as a center of concentration for native Malay inhabitants and some immigrants, while Jambi Kota served as the administrative center. Lexically, some vocabulary in the Jambi Kota Seberang dialect may not be understood by speakers of the Jambi Kota dialect.[17]

The Jambi Malay dialects spoken outside the city of Jambi exhibit even greater variation compared to those spoken within the city limits. These dialects differ in lexicon, phonology, and grammar. For example, words that end with the vowel "a" in Indonesian normally become "o" in the Jambi Malay variety spoken in Jambi City, such as mata 'eye' → mato, lada 'pepper' → lado and apa 'what' → apo.[18] However, in the Tanjung Jabung dialect, words ending with the vowel "a" change to "e", and in some cases, the letter "a" changes to "i", such as kemana 'go where' → kemine, siapa 'who' → siape and apa 'what' → ape. From a phonological perspective, the Jambi Malay dialect in East Tanjung Jabung Regency closely resembles to the Malay dialect spoken in Riau and the Malay Peninsula.[18] Additionally, each variety may also show influences from other languages. For example, the Malay dialect spoken in Bungo and Tebo Regency is influenced by Minangkabau, owing to its proximity to West Sumatra and many Minangkabau migrants inhabiting the region.[19] On the other hand, the Jambi City dialect, similar to Palembang Malay spoken in Palembang, has strong influence from Javanese, as Javanese was once the court language of the Jambi Sultanate.[18][10]

Below are examples of lexical differences in Jambi Malay based on each dialects:[10]

English Indonesian Mudung Laut (Jambi City) Dusun Teluk (Batanghari) Lubuk Kepayang (Sarolangun) Muara Siau (Merangin) Suo Suo (Tebo) Dusun Danau (Bungo)
hand tangan taŋan taŋan taŋan taŋan taŋan taŋan
left kiri kiʁi kiri kiʁin kidaw kiʁi kidaw
come datang tibo tibo tibʊ tibo tibo tibo
know tahu tau səntuw taum tau tau tau, ŋ-aʁəti
blood darah daʁah dara daʁah daʁah daʁah daʁah
laugh tertawa tɐtawo tawo gəlaʔ gilaʔ gəlaʔ gəlaʔ
sleep tidur maʁiŋ te̝dʊr tidʊʁ tiduː tidʊʁ tidua
child anak budaʔ anaʔ budaʔ anaʔ anaʔ anaʔ

Phonology

Like many other regional languages in Indonesia, there is no standardized phonological system for Jambi Malay. On the other hand, each dialect of Jambi Malay may exhibit unique phonological features. The table below illustrates the phonology of the Jambi City dialect, which is considered the prestigious dialect of Jambi Malay, based on the phonological system developed by Gani et al. (2000).[20]

Vowels

Like Indonesian and other Malayic languages, Jambi Malay has five vowels, which are /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, and /u/.[20] The position of each vowel can be seen in the following diagram:

Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e o
Low a

Diphthongs

There are only five diphthongs in Jambi Malay, which are /ay/, /aw/, /oy/, /uo/ and /ie/.[21] The table below demonstrates to whether the sequences are opening or closing (i.e., whether they are moving towards open/low vowels or closed/high vowels).

Open syllable Closed syllable
Opening uo uondi 'lottery'

uontal 'throw'

Closing ay damay 'peace'

gulay 'gulai'

aw kacaw 'chaos'

lampaw 'exceed'

oy oy 'hi'

amboy 'amboi'

ie ienjak 'step'

ientiep 'peek'

Consonants

In Jambi Malay, there are nineteen consonant phonemes: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /c/, /j/, /k/, /g/, /ʔ/, /s/, /h/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /ɲ/, /r/, /l/, /w/, and /y/.[22]

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t c k ʔ
voiced b d j ɡ
Fricative s h
Semivowel w y
Lateral l
Trill r

Notes:

  • /p/, /t/ and /h/ are unreleased and become [p̚], [t̚] and [h̚] and /k/ becomes a glottal stop [ʔ] in the syllable-final position.
  • /k/ and /ɡ/ become palatal [c] and [ɟ] and /h/ become velar [x] when they appear before the phoneme /i/.
  • In Indonesian orthography, /ŋ/ and /ɲ/ are written as ⟨ng⟩ and ⟨ny⟩ respectively.

Stress

Stress in Jambi Malay is divided into word stress and sentence stress. Word stress does not distinguish meaning and usually falls on the final syllable.[23] For example:

  • /rumah/ 'house'
  • /ŋopi/ 'have a coffee'
  • /terbaka/ 'burnt'
  • /menjauh/ 'to move away'
  • /mebacoka/ 'to read for someone'
  • /meɲulamkan/ 'to embroider for someone'

Sentence stress generally falls on the final syllable of the last word in the sentence. For example:

  • /maʔ tu tukaŋ cuci/ 'that woman is the washing machine repairman'
  • /uraŋ nan kuat tu petani/ 'farmers are the strongest man'

Grammar

Along with Indonesian, standard Malay, and other Malayic languages, the word order in Jambi Malay is typically subject-verb-object (SVO). While there are notable exceptions, the grammar structure of Jambi Malay shares many similarities with Indonesian and standard Malay.

Affixes

Jambi Malay has a number of affixes that can join with the base word to form an affixed word. There are three types of affixes in Jambi Malay are: prefixes, suffixes, and infixes.[24] Similar to other Malayic languages, Jambi Malay words are composed of a root or a root plus derivational affixes. The root is the primary lexical unit of a word and is usually bisyllabic, of the shape CV(C)CV(C). Affixes are "glued" onto roots (which are either nouns or verbs) to alter or expand the primary meaning associated with a given root, effectively generating new words.

Prefixes

A prefix or initial affix is an affix added to the beginning of a word. Jambi Malay has nine prefixes, namely pa- , paN- , ma- , maN- , ba- , sa- , ta- , di- , and ka- , in which the standard Indonesian equivalents are pe- , peN- , me- , meN- , ber- , sa- , ta- , di- , and ka- respectively.[24] In Jambi Malay, the prefix pa- functions as a noun-forming affix. In morphological processes, the prefix pa- can signify an actor, habit, or instrument. For example:

  • pa- + lari 'run' → palari 'runner'
  • pa- + rokok 'cigarettes' → parokok 'smoker'
  • pa- + renang 'swim' → parenang 'swimmer'
  • pa- + rampok 'rob' → parampok 'robber'
  • pa- + rusak 'broken' → parusak 'saboteur'

In Jambi Malay, the prefix paN- has various forms, namely pam-, pan-, pang-, and pany-. In morphological processes, this prefix functions can signify an actor, habit, or instrument. For example:

  • paN- + bohong 'lie' → pambohong 'lier'
  • paN- + sakiet 'sick' → panyakiet 'sickness'
  • paN- + ganti 'replace' → pangganti 'replacer'
  • paN- + uruos 'handle' → panguruos 'handler'
  • paN- + kasi 'give' → pangasi 'giver'

The prefix ma- in the morphological processes of Jambi Malay functions as a verb-forming affix and signifies 'to do' or 'to perform'. For example:

  • ma- + lapor 'report' → malapor 'to report'
  • ma- + luruous 'straight' → maluruous 'to straighten'
  • ma- + lempar 'throw' → malempar 'to throw'
  • ma- + rambat 'spread' → marambat 'to spread'
  • ma- + rebuot 'snatch' → marabuot 'to snatch'

The prefix maN- in Jambi Malay has various forms, namely mam-, man-, mang- and many-. In the morphological process, this prefix functions as a verb-forming element and has the meaning 'to do'. For example:

  • maN- + paku 'nail' → mampaku 'to nail'
  • maN- + dapat 'get' → mandapat 'to get'
  • maN- + jual 'sell' → manjual 'to sell'
  • maN- + keras 'hard' → mangeras 'harden'
  • maN- + tulies 'write' → manulies 'to write'

The prefix ba- in the morphological process of Jambi Malay functions as a verbal prefix and carries the meaning 'to do or to have. The prefix ba- has one variant form, namely bal-. For example:

  • ba- + gawe 'work' → bagawe 'to have work'
  • ba- + duiet 'money' → baduiet 'to have money'
  • ba- + ajar 'teach' → balajar 'to study'
  • ba- + kurang 'less' → bakurang 'to decrease'
  • ba- + laki 'man' → balaki 'to have husband'

The prefix sa- in the morphological process of Jambi Malay functions as a noun-forming element and means 'one, whole, or same. For example:

  • sa- + karuong 'sack' → sakaruong 'a sack'
  • sa- + ruma 'house' → saruma 'whole house'
  • sa- + lamo 'long (time)' → salamo 'as long as'
  • sa- + lebat 'dense' → salebat 'as dense as'
  • sa- + pirieng 'plate' → sapirieng 'whole plate'

The prefix ta- in the morphological process of Jambi Malay functions as a verb-forming element and means 'unintentionally or able to. For example:

  • ta- + tukar 'swap' → tatukar 'got swapped'
  • ta- + bakar 'burn' → tabakar 'got burnt'
  • ta- + bawak 'bring' → tabawak 'got brought'
  • ta- + tekan 'pressure' → tatekan 'got pressured'
  • ta- + lampau 'pass' → talampau 'got passed'

The prefix di- in the morphological process of Jambi Malay functions as a verb-forming element and means 'to perform an action'. For example:

  • di- + mbek 'take' → dimbek 'taken'
  • di- + gambar 'draw' → digambar 'drawn'
  • di- + pake 'use' → dipake 'used'
  • di- + tuja 'stab' → dituja 'stabbed'
  • di- + uba 'change' → diuba 'changed'

The prefix ka- in the morphological process of Jambi Malay functions as a verb-forming element. This prefix has very limited distribution. For example:

  • ka- + tawo 'laughter' → katawo 'to laugh'
  • ka- + luar 'outside' → kaluar 'to go outside'
  • ka- + dalam 'inside' → kadalam 'to go inside'

Suffixes

In Jambi Malay, there are three different suffixes: -kan, -i, and -an, which are very similar to standard Indonesian.[25] The suffix -kan in the morphological process of Jambi Malay means 'commanding or emphasizing'. For example:

  • bukak 'open' + -kan → bukakkan 'open it'
  • kosong 'empty' + -kan → kosongkan 'empty it'
  • kiriem 'send' + -kan → kiriemkan 'send it'
  • bayar 'pay' + -kan → bayarkan 'pay it'
  • kelek 'carry' + -kan → kelekkan 'carry it'

The suffix -i in the morphological process of Jambi Malay also carries the meaning of 'commanding or emphasizing'. For example:

  • mbek 'take' + -i → mbeki 'take it'
  • duduok 'sit' + -i → duduoki 'sit on it'
  • singiet 'hide' + -i → singieti 'hide it'
  • tamba 'add' + -i → tambai 'add it'
  • raso 'taste' + -i → rasoi 'taste it'

The suffix -an in the morphological process of Jambi Malay functions as a nominalizer and means 'place, tool, or result. For example:

  • lamar 'propose' + -an → lamaran 'proposal'
  • masak 'cook' + -an → masakan 'cooking'
  • kasi 'give' + -an → kasian 'pity'
  • sangkuot 'involve' + -an → sangkuotan 'involvement'
  • makan 'eat' + -an → makakan 'food'

Infixes

In Jambi Malay, there are three forms of infixes: -al-, -aR-, and -am-. The infix -al- functions as a nominalizer and means 'tool'.[26] For example:

  • t + -al- + apak → talapak 'palm'
  • t + -al- + uonjuok → taluonjuok 'index finger'
  • g + -al- + uguor → galuguor 'garcinia atroviridis'
  • p + -al- + atuok → palatuok 'trigger'

The infix -aR- means 'resembling' or 'like' and functions as a form for creating nouns and adjectives. For example:

  • g + -aR- + igi → garigi 'serration'
  • s + -aR- + abuot → sarabuot 'fiber'
  • b + -aR- + isiek → barisiek 'noisy'

The infix -am- functions as a form for creating adjectives and means 'having' or 'like'. For example:

  • g + am- + uru → gamuru 'thunder'
  • g + am- + ilang → gamilang 'brilliant'
  • k + am- + ilau → kamilau 'shiny'
  • g + am- + etar → gametar 'shiver'

Reduplication

Reduplication is the process of forming words through repetition. In Jambi Malay, reduplication can take the forms of full reduplication, partial reduplication, and sound change reduplication.[27] Full reduplication in Jambi Malay can involve nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, and adverbs. Fully reduplicated words formed from nouns in the morphological process of Jambi Malay signify plural markers. For example:

  • cangkier-cangkier 'many mugs'
  • guru-guru 'many teachers'
  • kertas-kertas 'many papers'

Fully reduplicated words from verbs have the meaning of being aimless or random. For example:

  • tiduok-tiduok 'lying down aimlessly without falling asleep'
  • nyanyi-nyanyi 'singing aimlessly'
  • minuom-minuom 'drinking aimlessly'

Fully reduplicated words formed from adjectives in the morphological process of Jambi Malay have the meaning of frequent or indicate plurality. For example:

  • bersi-bersi 'many are cleaning'
  • cantieh-cantiek 'many are pretty'
  • besak-besak 'many are large'

Fully reduplicated words formed from pronouns in the morphological process of Jambi Malay indicate plurality or frequency. For example:

  • diok-diok 'many of them'
  • kami-kami 'everyone of us'
  • kito-kito 'everyone of us'

Fully reduplicated words formed from numerals in the morphological process of Jambi Malay have the meanings of 'each' or indicate 'details'. For example:

  • sikok-sikok 'one by one'
  • galo-galo 'everyone' or 'everything'
  • dikiet-dikiet 'little by little'

Fully reduplicated words formed from adverbs in the morphological process of Jambi Malay indicate quality markers. For example:

  • dulu-dulu 'earlier'
  • sekarang-sekarang 'right now'
  • kemaren-kemaren 'the day before yesterday'

Partial reduplication usually involves words with affixation. Partial reduplication in the morphological process of Jambi Malay can occur with nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, and adverbs. Partial reduplication formed from nouns in the morphological process of Jambi Malay signifies plural markers. For example:

  • babiji-biji 'having many seeds'
  • babatu-batu 'rocky'
  • baduri-duri 'thorny'

Partial reduplication formed from verbs in the morphological process of Jambi Malay signifies plural markers or lack of direction. For example:

  • mandorong-dorong 'pushing aimlessly'
  • mambagi-bagi 'sharing many things'
  • mangacau-ngacau 'messing up repeatedly'

Partial reduplication formed from adjectives in the morphological process of Jambi Malay signifies plural markers, quality markers, contrived characteristics, or intentionality. For example:

  • tadesak-desak 'in dire needs'
  • batenang-tenang 'purposely calmed down'
  • tapucat-pucat 'extremely pale'

Partial reduplication formed from numerals in the morphological process of Jambi Malay is not commonly found. This type of reduplication signifies plural markers or qualities. For example

  • semuo-muo 'together'
  • bakali-kali 'frequent'

Partial reduplication originating from adverbs in the morphological process of Jambi Malay is also not commonly found. This type of reduplication signifies specific times, limits, or conditions. For example:

  • saari-ari 'every time'
  • sawaktu-waktu 'anytime'
  • salambat-lambat 'latest'

Sound change reduplication in the morphological process of Jambi Malay occurs in nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Sound change reduplication originating from nouns in the morphological process of Jambi Malay has the meaning of 'various' or 'diverse'. For example:

  • lauok-pauok 'assortments of side dishes'
  • warno-warni 'assortments of colors'
  • sayuor-mayuor 'assortments of vegetables'

Sound change reduplication originating from verbs in the morphological process of Jambi Malay signifies quality markers, plural markers, or unpredictability. For example:

  • brengat-brenguot 'very angry'
  • mondar-mandir 'waking aimlessly'
  • gerak-geriek 'gestures'

Sound change reduplication originating from adjectives in the morphological process of Jambi Malay signifies quality markers or lack of direction. For example:

  • kocar-kacir 'very disorganized'
  • iruok-pikuok 'very tumultuous'
  • kacau-balau 'very chaotic'

Nouns

Nouns are a class of words that can typically function as the subject or object of a clause. This class of words is often associated with people, things, or entities that are treated as objects. Examples of nouns in Jambi Malay are jalo 'net', manggo 'mango', keries 'kris', sarap 'trash', and pasier 'sand'. Examples of the usage of these words in sentences is as follows:

  • Apo yang dibawake? Jalo. 'What is he bringing? Net.'
  • Apo yang dimakan adek? Manggo. 'What is younger brother eating? Mango'
  • Apo yang dipegang aya? Keries. 'What is dad holding? Kris.'
  • Apo yang dibuang Muna? Sarap. 'What did Munah throw away? Trash'
  • Apo itu? Pasier. 'What is that? Sand.'

A noun phrase is a phrase that has the same distribution as a noun word class. Noun phrases in Jambi Malay can be seen in the following examples. Noun phrases in Jambi Malay categorically have several processes, such as noun followed by other nouns, noun followed by verbs, noun followed by numerals and noun followed by adverbs. Examples of noun followed by other nouns are:

  • laman ruma 'backyard'
  • dagieng kerbo 'buffalo meat'
  • nasi jaguong 'corn rice'
  • cantieng beras tu 'that can of rice'
  • anak tukang kebuon tu 'the gardener's child'

Examples of noun followed by verbs are:

  • orang mabuok 'drunk guy'
  • aek ngalier 'flowing water'
  • api yang menyalo 'burning fire'
  • guru ngaji 'preaching teacher'
  • budak degiel tu 'that naughty kid'

Examples of noun followed by numerals are:

  • kelapo tiga ikok 'three coconuts'
  • kertas salembar 'a sheet of paper'
  • orang banyak 'many people'
  • bua galo 'all fruits'
  • kue saparo 'half a cake'

Examples of noun followed by adverbs are:

  • batino sore kemaren 'the girl from yesterday'
  • budak yang dulu 'the kid from before'
  • karcies tadi 'the ticket from just now'
  • duiet uontuok besok 'the money for tomorrow'
  • pakean sekarang 'the clothes for now'

Verbs

Verbs are a class of words that typically function as predicates. Semantically, this class of words describes an action. Examples of verbs in Jambi Malay are cari 'search', gantuong 'hang', tiduok 'sleep', mbek 'take', and bagi 'give'. The usage of these words in sentences is as follows.

  • Apo yang dio cari? 'What is he lookin for?'
  • Gantuong orang itu! 'Hang that man!'
  • Jo siapo dio tiduok? 'Who is she sleeping with?'
  • Mbek buku dio tu! 'Take that book of his!'
  • Bagi aku maka! 'Give me food!'

A verbal phrase is a phrase that has the same distribution as a verb word class. Verbal phrases in Jambi Malay can be seen in the following examples:

  • nak pegi 'want to go'
  • suda balek 'already returned'
  • sedang bagawe 'is working'
  • ndak makan 'want to eat'
  • dak dibayar 'not paid'

Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe nouns. Examples of adjectives in Jambi Malay are besak 'big', baiek 'good', elok 'nice', cantiek 'pretty', and baru 'new'. The usage of these words in sentences is as follows:

  • Cammano ukuorane? Besak. 'How big is the size? big'
  • Cammano keadaan budak tu? Baiek. 'How is the kid's condition? Good.'
  • Cammano bentuok barange? Elok. 'How is the shape of the thing? Nice.'
  • Cammano Rupo gadies itu? Cantiek. 'How does the girl looks like? Pretty.'
  • Kapan kau beli? Baru. 'When did you buy? It's new.'

Numerals

Numerals are words that indicate numbers or quantities. Examples of numerals in Jambi Malay are sekok 'one', duo 'two', galo 'all', banyak 'many', and dikiet 'a few'. The usage of these words in sentences includes the following:

  • Berapo anake? Sekok. 'How many kids? One.'
  • Berapo ikok mubiele? Duo. 'How many cars? Two.'
  • Siapo bae yang datang? Galo. 'Who's coming? All of them.'
  • Berapo isie? Banyak. 'How much does it contain? Many.'
  • Berapo lagi yang tinggal? Dikiet. 'How much left? A few.'Number phrases are phrases that have the same distribution as numerals. Numeral phrases in Jambi Malay can be seen in the following examples:
  • duo ekok sapi 'two cows'
  • tigo lembar kertas 'three sheets of paper'
  • tuju kotak kapuor 'seven boxes of chalk'
  • limo karuong beras 'five sacks of rice'
  • sekok telok 'one egg'

Adverbs

Adverbs are words that describe an action or a state. Examples of adverbs in Jambi Malay include sore 'afternoon', kemaren 'yesterday', perna 'ever', kagek 'later', and sekarang 'now'. The usage of these words in sentences is as follows:

  • Kapan dijempuote? Sore. 'When are you picking him up? Afternoon.'
  • Kapan diok datang? Kemaren. 'When did he arrived? Yesterday.'
  • Perna nengok bendoe? Perna. 'Have you ever saw the object? Ever.'
  • Pegilah ka sano! Kagek. 'Go there! Later.'
  • Kapan nguompuole? Sekarang. 'When are we meeting up? Now.'

Adverbial phrases are phrases that have the same distribution as adverbs. Adverbial phrases in Jambi Malay can be seen in the following examples:

  • sekarang ko 'right now'
  • sore kemaren 'yesterday afternoon'
  • besok pagi 'tomorrow morning'
  • kagek siang 'this noon'
  • suda malem 'it's late'

Pronouns

References

  1. ^ Jambi Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Wahyuni, Sri; Marnita, Rina; Usman, Fajri (2020-10-30). "Makian Referen Keadaan dalam Bahasa Melayu Jambi di Muara Bungo: Kajian Sosiolinguistik". MADAH. 11 (2): 131–140. doi:10.31503/madah.v11i2.199. ISSN 2580-9717.
  3. ^ a b "Melayu - Peta Bahasa". petabahasa.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  4. ^ Rahima et. al. 2023, p. 1.
  5. ^ a b Locher-Scholten, Elsbeth; Jackson, Beverley (2004). Sumatran Sultanate and Colonial State: Jambi and the Rise of Dutch Imperialism, 1830–1907. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-87727-736-1. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctv1nhp7b.
  6. ^ Perdana, Aditya Bayu (2022-09-02). "A Jambi Coin with Kawi Inscription from Indonesia: Re-examination of a coin type formerly attributed to Siak". Indonesia and the Malay World. 50 (148): 358–369. doi:10.1080/13639811.2022.2123155. ISSN 1363-9811.
  7. ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755095.
  8. ^ Sholeha, Monita; Hendrokumoro (2022-06-20). "Kekerabatan Bahasa Melayu Jambi dan Melayu Palembang". KABASTRA: Kajian Bahasa dan Sastra. 1 (2). doi:10.31002/kabastra.v2i1.41. ISSN 2964-5778.
  9. ^ a b c Puspitasari, Arum (2022-12-04). "Bahasa dan Kebudayaan Masyarakat Melayu Jambi Masa Kesultanan Jambi". Krinok: Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah dan Sejarah. 1 (3): 74–82. doi:10.22437/krinok.v1i3.21239. ISSN 2829-5137.
  10. ^ a b c d Anderbeck, Karl Ronald (2008). Malay Dialects of the Batanghari River Basin (Jambi, Sumatra) (PDF). SIL International . ISBN 978-155671-189-3. ISSN 1934-2470.
  11. ^ "Suku Batin | Kebudayaan Indonesia - Referensi Utama Kebudayaan Indonesia". Archived from the original on 2013-11-10. Retrieved 2014-08-07.
  12. ^ Kusmana, Ade; Saputra, Murfi; Izar, Julisah (2018). "Pemetaan Bahasa Daerah di Provinsi Jambi" [The Mapping of Regional Languages in Jambi Province]. Titian: Jurnal Ilmu Humaniora (in Indonesian). 2 (2). doi:10.22437/titian.v2i02.5810. eISSN 2597-7229. ISSN 2615-3440.
  13. ^ Zusandra, Chitra Mislina (2024). Campur Kode dalam Penggunaan Bahasa Melayu Jambi di Pasar Rakyat Merlung Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat (PDF) (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Jambi: Universitas Jambi.
  14. ^ Akhyaruddin, Akhyaruddin; Setyonegoro, Agus; Yusra, Hilman; Akbar, Oky (2023-12-28). "Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Bahasa Melayu Jambi Berbasis Saintifik". Ranah: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa. 12 (2): 417. doi:10.26499/rnh.v12i2.6814. ISSN 2579-8111.
  15. ^ Sartika, Leni; Sujana, Ricky (2022-06-01). "Potensi Bahasa Melayu Jambi Dialek Seberang sebagai Muatan Lokal Pembelajaran di Sekolah Dasar". Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan dan Ilmu Sosial (in Indonesian). 3 (2). doi:10.38035/jmpis.v3i2. ISSN 2716-375X.
  16. ^ Husin et. al. 1985, p. 11.
  17. ^ a b Ramadhani, Nani Fitri (2021). Analisis Afiksasi dan Reduplikasi Bahasa Melayu Dialek Jambi Kota Seberang [Analysis of Affixation and Reduplication in Jambi Kota Seberang Malay Language] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Universitas Jambi.
  18. ^ a b c Sagimun, M.D (1985). Adat istiadat daerah Jambi [The customs and traditions of Jambi] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Center for Research on Society and Culture. p. 40.
  19. ^ Gani et. al. 2000, p. 14.
  20. ^ a b Gani et. al. 2000, p. 16.
  21. ^ Gani et. al. 2000, p. 21.
  22. ^ Gani et. al. 2000, p. 25.
  23. ^ Husin et. al. 1985, p. 32.
  24. ^ a b Gani et. al. 2000, p. 78.
  25. ^ Gani et. al. 2000, p. 83.
  26. ^ Gani et. al. 2000, p. 82.
  27. ^ Gani et. al. 2000, p. 88.

Bibliography

  • Gani, Erizal; Nura, Amris; Nazurti (2000). Tata Bahasa Melayu Jambi [Language Structure of Jambi Malay] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.
  • Husin, Nurzuir; Zailoet; Semi, M. Atar; Karim, Isma Nasrul; Radjah, Desmawati; Djurip (1985). Struktur Bahasa Melayu Jambi [Structure of the Jambi Malay language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.
  • Dahlan, Saidat; Syair, Anwar; Manan, Abdullah; Jakub, llyas; Sabrin, Arnrin; Razak, Abdul; Mujiono; Yulisrnan (1985). Pemetaan Bahasa Daerah Riau dan ambi [Mapping of the Regional Languages in Riau and Jambi] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.
  • Rahima, Ade; Zahar, Erlina; Tara, Firman; Sujoko (2023). Morfosintaksis Numeralia Bahasa Melayu Jambi [Morphosyntax of Numerals in the Jambi Malay Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Jambi: Eureka Media Aksara. ISBN 978-623-151-071-6.
  • Yanti; Tadmor, Uri; Cole, Peter; Hermon, Gabriella. 2015. Critò Kitò: A collection of Jambi stories in the Seberang Dialect. Jakarta: Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia [Indonesian Linguistic Society]. ISBN 978-602-17161-3-7 [Includes word list.]
  • Żaneta Krulikowska, Nadra Nadra, & Muhammad Yusdi. (2020). Phonological Sketch of Malay Jambi Language of Sarolangun, Indonesia. Arbitrer, 7(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.7.2.173-181.2020

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