Spider Flower – Cleome

Political corruption
Forms and concepts
Bribery Cronyism Economics of corruption Electoral fraud Elite capture Influence peddling Kleptocracy Mafia state Nepotism Pyrrhic defeat theory Slush fund Simony State capture State-corporate crime Throffer
Anti-corruption
International Anti-Corruption Court Group of States Against Corruption International Anti-Corruption Academy International Anti-Corruption Day United Nations Convention against Corruption
Corruption by country
Africa Angola Botswana Cameroon Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Ghana Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Morocco Namibia Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Lebanon Malaysia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Moldova Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Central America Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Nicaragua South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea

Corruption can take many forms, and can distort how public policy is made or implemented. This article discusses the responsibilities of the various agencies involved in combating corruption in Australia. Australia became a signatory to the United Nations Convention against Corruption in 2005.^[1] While Australia is a wealthy democracy, over the decade since 2012, Australia's ranking in the Corruption Perceptions Index from Transparency International has slipped from 7th place in 2012 to 14th in 2023, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector. Additionally, there is a public perception that corruption in Australia is increasing. All states have broad-based anti-corruption agencies, and a national anti-corruption commission has been operational since July 2023.^[2]

Protections for whistleblowers are weak^{[according to whom?]} in Australia,^[3] although greater protections have been pledged by the incumbent Albanese government.^[4]

Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) was established in 1989 to improve the integrity of the public service. ICAC is an independent body that is non-political, and that doesn't have a government minister in charge of its operations. ICAC holds a large amount of investigative powers including listening devices and telephone interception.^[5]

The Crime and Corruption Commission (CCC) is an independent statutory body that investigates and aims to reduce the amount of corruption across the public sector. It also investigates other serious crime including money laundering, fraud and homicide. Its powers include the ability to call witnesses to hearings, and require individuals to produce evidence.^[6] The CCC can give recommendations to courts, but cannot charge individuals with corruptions or crimes. It was established on 1 January 2002.

The Integrity Commission is an independent statutory body which was established in 2010. It was created to ensure integrity in the public service and reduce corruption within Tasmania. Reports have found the Tasmanian Integrity Commission to have major flaws in its design due to none of its investigations using their full powers in an investigation.^[7]

The Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission (IBAC) is the key body that investigates corruption within Victoria. It was established in July 2012. The commission is designed to investigate corruption in the public service such as councils, parliament, the judiciary and other government bodies. The Victorian Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission has a large range of powers similar to the NSW Independent Commission Against Corruption such as interception of telecommunication devices and asking people to produce evidence or to speak at hearings.^[8]

The Independent Commissioner Against Corruption (Northern Territory) was established in 2018.

The Corruption and Crime Commission was established in Western Australia in 2004.

The Independent Commission Against Corruption (South Australia) was established in 2013.

Public-private partnership corruption^[9] or privatisation leading to inherent monopoly within public sector could raise to levels of corruption when it's abused. See example:

- PwC tax scandal

Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index scores countries according to the perceived corruption of the public sector on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean") and then ranks those countries by their score—the country with the highest score is ranked first and is perceived to have the most honest public sector.^[10] The 2012 Index gave Australia a score of 85/100, which ranked it in 7th place out of 176 countries,^[11] although a corruption law expert warned that the Index gave an incomplete picture because it ignored corrupt dealings between Australia and foreign countries.^[12]

The perception of corruption in the Australian public sector has been increasing since 2012. In the 2015 Index Australia ranked 13th, dropping six positions since 2012.^[13][14] Transparency International described Australia's score of 77 in the 2020 Index as a 'significant decliner', having fallen eight points since 2012,^[15] and called Australia's score of 73 in the 2021 Index 'one of the world’s most significant decliners, having dropped 12 points since 2012 to hit a record low this year. Its deteriorating score indicates systemic failings in tackling public sector corruption.'^[16]

The phenomenon has also been studied by the Australian National University, which produced a report called Perceptions of Corruption and Ethical Conduct (2012), which concluded: 'there is a widespread perception that corruption in Australia has increased' and that 'the media, trade unions and political parties were seen as Australia's most corrupt institutions'.^[17]

Research published in 2015 by Chartered Accountants Australia and New Zealand found government and private firms in Australia and nearby New Zealand both display widespread 'complacent' attitudes about corruption, particularly in regards to companies bidding for government contracts.^[18]

In January 2018, a discussion paper published by the Australia Institute, suggested that the trust in the Australian government is at a historical low, which could have reduced the GDP by as much as 4% or $72.3 billion.^[14]

A report by Australian Public Service Commission's released in 2018, stated that investigations were conducted in only 0.3% of the workforce, meaning a total of 596 employees.^[19]

Australia's score of 75 in the 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index remains well above the global average score of 43 and ranks the country at 14th of the 180 countries in that year's Index. For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180).^[20] For comparison with regional scores, the highest score among the countries of the Asia Pacific region^{[Note 1]} was that of New Zealand, Australia's nearest neighbour. New Zealand scored 85 and was ranked 3rd in the 2023 Index.^[21] The average score in the Asia Pacific region was 45 and the lowest score was 17.^[22]

Some of Australia's smaller neighbours are making steps towards establishing Independent Commissions Against Corruption, with Papua New Guinea recently voting unanimously to set up an Independent Commission Against Corruption.^[23] Another small neighbour, the Solomon Islands recently appointed its first Director General for its Independent Commission against Corruption.^[24]

Australia is part of G20 Anti-Corruption Working Group, APEC Anti-Corruption and Transparency Working Group and the United Nations Convention against Corruption Working Groups.^[25]

• Corruption in New South Wales
• International Anti-Corruption Academy
• Group of States Against Corruption
• International Anti-Corruption Day
• ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems
• United Nations Convention against Corruption
• OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
• Transparency International