Estragole (p-allylanisole, methyl chavicol) is a phenylpropene, a natural organic compound. Its chemical structure consists of a benzene ring substituted with a methoxy group and an allyl group. It is an isomer of anethole, differing with respect to the location of the double bond. It is a colorless liquid, although impure samples can appear yellow. It is a component of various trees and plants, including turpentine (pine oil), anise, fennel, bay, tarragon, and basil. It is used in the preparation of fragrances.[1]
The compound is named for estragon, the French name of tarragon.
Production
Hundreds of tonnes of basil oil are produced annually by steam distillation of Ocimum basilicum (common basil). This oil is mainly estragole but also contains substantial amounts of linalool. Estragole is the primary constituent of essential oil of tarragon (comprising 60–75%). It is also present in pine oil, turpentine, fennel, anise (2%[2]), frankincense (4%[3]), Clausena anisata, and Syzygium anisatum.
Estragole is used in perfumes and in flavorings for foods. In the European Union, it can only be present in a flavor by using an essential oil.[4] Upon treatment with potassium hydroxide, estragole converts to anethole.[1] Estragole is used in the synthesis of magnolol.[citation needed]
Safety
Estragole is suspected to be carcinogenic and genotoxic, as is indicated by a report of the European Union Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products.[5] Several studies have clearly established that the profiles of metabolism, metabolic activation, and covalent binding are dose dependent and that the relative importance diminishes markedly at low levels of exposure (that is, these events are not linear with respect to dose).[citation needed] In particular, rodent studies show that these events are minimal probably in the dose range of 1–10 mg/kg body weight, which is approximately 100 to 1,000 times the anticipated human exposure to this substance. For these reasons it is concluded that the present exposure to estragole resulting from consumption of herbal medicinal products (short time use in adults at recommended posology) does not pose a significant cancer risk. In the meantime exposure of estragole to sensitive groups such as young children, pregnant and breastfeeding women should be minimized.[5]
The Scientific Committee on Food from the Health and Consumer Protection Directorate took a more concerned position and concluded that "Estragole has been demonstrated to be genotoxic and carcinogenic. Therefore the existence of a threshold cannot be assumed and the Committee could not establish a safe exposure limit. Consequently, reductions in exposure and restrictions in use levels are indicated."[6]
See also
References
- ^ a b Fahlbusch, Karl-Georg; Hammerschmidt, Franz-Josef; Panten, Johannes; Pickenhagen, Wilhelm; Schatkowski, Dietmar; Bauer, Kurt; Garbe, Dorothea; Surburg, Horst. "Flavors and Fragrances". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_141. ISBN 978-3527306732..
- ^ Ashurst, Philip R. (1999). Food Flavorings. Springer. p. 11. ISBN 9780834216211.
- ^ Sharma, A.; Chhikara, S.; Ghodekar, S. N.; Bhatia, S.; Kharya, M. D.; Gajbhiye, V.; Mann, A. S.; Namdeo, A. G.; Mahadik, K. R. (2009). "Phytochemical and Pharmacological investigations on Boswellia serrata" (PDF). Pharmacognosy Reviews. 3 (5): 206–215.
- ^ "Regulation EC 1334/2008".
- ^ a b EMEA/HMPC/137212/2005, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products. Final Public Statement on the Use of Herbal Medicinal Products Containing Estragole http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2010/04/WC500089960.pdf Archived 2015-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Scientific Committee on Food (26 September 2001). Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Estragole (1-Allyl-4-methoxybenzene (PDF) (Report). European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-03-02. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
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