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100% or more , 75% - 100% , 50% - 75% , 25% - 50% , Less than 25% , no data Total (gross) government debt as a percent of GDP by IMF in 2024
General government debt in OECD (% of GDP)

This is a list of countries by government debt. Gross government debt is government financial liabilities that are debt instruments.[1]: 81  A debt instrument is a financial claim that requires payment of interest and/or principal by the debtor to the creditor in the future. Examples include debt securities (such as bonds and bills), loans, and government employee pension obligations.[1]: 207  Net debt equals gross debt minus financial assets that are debt instruments.[1]: 208, s7.243  Net debt estimates are not always available since some government assets are difficult to value, such as loans made at concessional rates.[1]: 208–209, s7.246 

Changes in government debt over time reflect primarily borrowing due to past government deficits.[2] A deficit occurs when a government's expenditures exceed revenues.[3] [1]: 79–82 

In the list below, government debt is measured for the general government sector because the level of government responsible for programs (for example, health care) differs across countries, and the general government comprises central, state, provincial, regional, and local governments, and social security funds.[1]: 18, s2.58, s2.59 

To make the numbers comparable across countries of different size, government debt is measured as a percentage of a country's gross domestic product (GDP). For context on the magnitude of the debt numbers, European Union member countries have an agreement, the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP), to maintain a general government gross debt of no more than 60% of GDP.[4] The aim of the SGP is to prevent excessive debt burdens.[5]

Government debt as a percentage of GDP

When data is not available, numbers are IMF staff estimates.

General government debt (% of GDP)
Country and region General government

gross debt 2024[6]

Gross debt[7]
2022 		Net debt[8]
2021
 Afghanistan no data n/a
 Albania 58 67.581 64.1
 Algeria 46.4 52.397 51.9
 Andorra 34.7 38.788
 Angola 70.3 67.050
 Antigua and Barbuda 76.4 90.562
 Argentina 86.2 84.466
 Armenia 53.1 49.273
 Aruba 76.2 92.004
 Australia 49.6 55.702 34.6
 Austria 75.4 77.786 60.6
 Azerbaijan 18.3 20.675
 Bahamas 84 89.414
 Bahrain 126 117.587
 Bangladesh 41.4 39.088
 Barbados 107.5 120.781 134.3
 Belarus 48.6 39.753
 Belgium 105.4 105.270 93.7
 Belize 62.9 64.141
 Benin 53.4 52.386
 Bhutan 111.4 124.795
 Bolivia 86.7 82.616 70.6
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 29.7 29.556 22.0
 Botswana 17.9 19.949 14.2
 Brazil 86.7 85.906 57.2
 Brunei Darussalam 2.3 2.063
 Bulgaria 23.4 21.844 13.7
 Burkina Faso 63.3 54.309
 Burundi 72.2 68.300
 Cape Verde 112.2 127.407 130.5
 Cambodia 26.4 36.533
 Cameroon 39.2 46.432 44.1
 Canada 104.7 106.590 31.6
 Central African Republic 55.6 50.687
 Chad 32.3 50.367
 Chile 40.5 37.977 20.1
 China 88.6 77.097
 Colombia 54.4 63.626 56.8
 Comoros 35.5 29.064
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 11.1 14.580
 Republic of the Congo 94.6 99.565
 Costa Rica 60.6 63.768
 Côte d'Ivoire 57.7 56.750
 Croatia 59.5 67.535
 Cuba no data
 Cyprus 70.7 86.501 51.0
 Czech Republic 45.1 42.349 26.4
 Denmark 29.2 29.658 11.0
 Djibouti 56.5 40.614 45.8
 Dominica 98.7 104.788
 Dominican Republic 59.5 58.919 49.3
 Ecuador no data 57.303
 Egypt 96.4 88.534 84.5
 El Salvador 84.4 77.236
 Equatorial Guinea 37.7 27.147 29.7
 Eritrea no data 163.769
 Estonia 23 17.160 4.4
 Eswatini 37.2 45.353 38.0
 Ethiopia 30.5 46.372 49.6
 Fiji 81.1 92.802 82.2
 Finland 80 74.807 34.1
 France 111.6 111.063 101.1
 Gabon 73.1 55.054
 Gambia 64.3 83.952
 Georgia (country) 38.8 39.772
 Germany 63.7 66.535 47.0
 Ghana 83.6 88.767 77.3
 Greece 158.8 177.434
 Grenada 61.2 64.508
 Guatemala 27.6 30.127
 Guinea 35.1 33.404
 Guinea-Bissau 76.5 79.529
 Guyana 31.2 27.809 38.4
 Haiti 14.9 25.010
 Honduras 44.6 50.022
 Hong Kong SAR 9 4.255
 Hungary 74.7 76.351 69.8
 Iceland 58.7 68.726 59.5
 India 82.5 83.126
 Indonesia 39.3 39.934 37.9
 Iran 25.5 34.006 36.1
 Iraq 48.2 43.300
 Republic of Ireland 41.2 45.190 50.4
 Israel 67.3 60.931 65.1
 Italy 139.2 144.696 138.3
 Jamaica 67.5 84.124
 Japan 254.6 261.289 168.1
 Jordan 91.4 89.425 91.8
 Kazakhstan 24.2 23.497 -3.3
 Kenya 73 67.936 62.6
 Kiribati 9.9 15.214
 South Korea 56.6 54.331 20.9
 North Korea no data
 Kosovo 18.4 19.319
 Kuwait 7.1 2.923
 Kyrgyz Republic 47.2 53.528
 Laos 115.5 128.514
 Latvia 43.2 41.609 34.5
 Lebanon no data
 Lesotho 63.2 57.907 17.5
 Liberia 56.5 55.366 48.6
 Libya no data
 Lithuania 36.2 39.561 39.8
 Luxembourg 28 24.305 -10.8
 Macau 0 0.000
 Madagascar 56.1 56.989
 Malawi 74.9 70.139
 Malaysia 66.4 66.265
 Maldives 121.1 114.943
 Mali 55.1 53.218 44.8
 Malta 53.6 55.829 46.2
 Marshall Islands 17.3 21.196
 Mauritania 48.5 47.740 48.6
 Mauritius 81 80.869
 Mexico 55.6 56.029 49.9
 Micronesia 10.6 14.026
 Moldova 37.3 33.523
 Mongolia 47.9 82.427
 Montenegro 62.3 71.231
 Morocco 70.4 68.788 68.4
 Mozambique 96.9 104.516
 Myanmar 58.5 63.896
 Namibia 65.4 71.278 70.8
 Nauru 23.4 24.265
   Nepal 43 43.830
 Netherlands 47.7 48.507 42.8
 New Zealand 47.4 52.792 14.5
 Nicaragua 39.2 45.956
 Niger 48.9 51.076 45.0
 Nigeria 46.6 38.017 36.2
 North Macedonia 54.6 51.799 52.3
 Norway 38 39.603 -86.7
 Oman 35.4 40.148 25.5
 Pakistan 71.8 75.753 67.4
 Palau 80
 Panama 54.1 54.892 40.8
 Papua New Guinea 52.1 49.193
 Paraguay 43.1 40.870 33.4
 Peru 33 33.373 19.2
 Philippines 56.9 57.520
 Poland 55.1 49.577 40.8
 Portugal 94.7 116.048 120.1
 Puerto Rico 17.2 16.312
 Qatar 37.3 45.308
 Romania 53 48.728 42.3
 Russia 20.8 19.597
 Rwanda 69.9 64.425
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 51.7 64.752
 Saint Lucia 75.8 83.484
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 87.5 86.799
 Samoa 29.1 43.727
 San Marino 68.7 81.166
 São Tomé and Príncipe 42.6 58.099
 Saudi Arabia 27.5 22.573 17.7
 Senegal 72.5 74.970
 Serbia 49.1 53.539 52.6
 Seychelles 58.3 63.427 62.4
 Sierra Leone 69.7 98.848
 Singapore 162.5 134.159
 Slovakia 59.3 58.821 51.3
 Slovenia 67.5 70.245 49.5
 Solomon Islands 19.8 16.853 7.3
 Somalia no data
 South Africa 75.4 71.016 63.2
 South Sudan 48.3 39.639 64.6
 Spain 106.3 111.978 102.8
 Sri Lanka no data 117.661
 Sudan 280.3 127.552
 Suriname 87.9 123.158
 Sweden 36 31.686 8.5
  Switzerland 36.7 39.122 21.6
 Syria no data n/a n/a
 Taiwan 22.5 27.465 26.5
 Tajikistan 30.8 34.631
 Tanzania 46.1 41.622
 Thailand 64.5 60.542
 Timor-Leste 14.2 7.490
 Togo 68.3 68.037
 Tonga 43.8 46.581
 Trinidad and Tobago 56 53.750 11.5
 Tunisia 78.6 79.364
 Turkey 30.9 31.178 33.8
 Turkmenistan 4.7 5.186
 Tuvalu 7 7.587
 Uganda 49.7 50.834
 Ukraine 94 81.693
 United Arab Emirates 30.3 29.958
 United Kingdom 104.3 102.636 84.3
 United States 123.3 121.683 99.6
 Uruguay 61.9 61.000 54.7
 Uzbekistan 36 34.295
 Vanuatu 44 45.752
 Venezuela no data 157.809
 Vietnam 33.5 37.091
 Palestinian territories no data 59.776
 Yemen 81.4 73.531 69.3
 Zambia no data n/a 117.5
 Zimbabwe 98.5 92.824


Public debt per capita

The figures here are represented per capita.

Country (PPP) [9][10][11] (Forex) [9][10][12] Year
 Japan * $102,503 $91,768 2017
 Singapore * $97,852 $60,016 2017
 Qatar * $77,278 $37,990 2017
 Greece * $50,562 $33,905 2017
 Italy * $49,060 $41,056 2017
 Ireland * $47,822 $44,871 2017
 Belgium * $47,291 $44,119 2017
 United States * $46,645 $46,645 2017
 Canada * $44,348 $41,323 2017
 Bahrain * $43,659 $21,673 2017
 France * $41,040 $37,189 2017
 Austria * $39,419 $37,310 2017
 United Kingdom * $39,311 $35,320 2017
 Portugal * $38,127 $26,462 2017
 Bermuda * $37,015 $37,015 2016
 Spain * $35,466 $26,210 2017
 Germany * $33,349 $29,394 2017
 Aruba * $30,674 $19,918 2016
 Netherlands * $30,452 $27,415 2017
 Barbados * $28,001 $26,777 2017
 Finland * $27,111 $27,986 2017
 Switzerland * $26,367 $34,225 2017
 Norway * $25,900 $27,095 2017
 Cyprus * $25,047 $17,103 2017
 Slovenia * $24,939 $17,110 2017
 Luxembourg * $23,582 $23,742 2017
 Israel * $22,922 $25,351 2017
 Malta * $21,746 $14,204 2017
 Antigua and Barbuda * $21,709 $13,796 2017
 Australia * $21,695 $23,990 2017
 Hungary * $21,693 $10,427 2017
 Lebanon * $21,238 $13,039 2017
 Iceland * $21,169 $28,505 2017
 Sweden * $21,048 $21,763 2017
 Kuwait * $20,462 $8,525 2017
 Puerto Rico * $20,360 $16,320 2017
 Bahamas * $19,796 $19,960 2017
 Oman * $19,326 $7,196 2017
 U.S. Virgin Islands * $19,292 $25,819 2017
 Croatia * $18,601 $9,976 2017
 Seychelles * $18,482 $10,068 2017
 Saint Kitts and Nevis * $18,363 $11,420 2017
 Taiwan * $18,027 $8,682 2017
 Denmark * $17,487 $19,784 2017
 Slovakia * $16,798 $8,970 2017
 Andorra * $15,915 $12,973 2016
 Malaysia * $15,873 $5,313 2017
 South Korea * $15,633 $11,830 2017
 Uruguay * $15,241 $11,540 2017
 Poland * $14,829 $6,912 2017
 Equatorial Guinea * $14,783 $5,858 2017
 Trinidad and Tobago * $14,735 $7,834 2017
 San Marino * $14,726 $11,722 2017
 United Arab Emirates * $14,133 $7,769 2017
 Faroe Islands * $13,728 $18,969 2015
 Mauritius * $13,262 $6,253 2017
 New Zealand * $13,180 $14,045 2017
 Brazil * $13,064 $8,265 2017
 Lithuania * $13,000 $6,717 2017
 Egypt * $12,474 $2,450 2017
 Czech Republic * $12,206 $7,007 2017
 Montenegro * $12,122 $5,234 2017
 Argentina * $11,884 $8,217 2017
 Mongolia * $11,701 $3,281 2017
 Maldives * $11,236 $7,335 2017
 Saint Lucia * $10,859 $7,202 2017
 Gabon * $10,847 $4,418 2017
 Mexico * $10,618 $4,962 2017
 Panama * $10,353 $6,150 2017
 Grenada * $10,252 $7,021 2017
 Nauru * $10,235 $7,293 2017
 Latvia * $10,194 $5,724 2017
 Suriname * $10,069 $3,963 2017
 Belarus * $10,055 $3,051 2017
 Bhutan * $9,993 $3,336 2017
 Sri Lanka * $9,663 $3,060 2017
 Iraq * $9,644 $2,858 2017
 Jamaica * $9,360 $5,305 2017
 Serbia * $9,333 $3,658 2017
 Azerbaijan * $9,273 $2,190 2017
 Saudi Arabia * $9,226 $3,569 2017
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * $9,167 $5,688 2017
 Dominica * $8,747 $6,223 2017
 Albania * $8,457 $3,070 2017
 Tunisia * $8,406 $2,439 2017
 Cape Verde * $8,360 $3,931 2017
 Romania * $8,291 $3,634 2017
 Belize * $8,257 $4,757 2017
 Costa Rica * $8,230 $5,713 2017
 Jordan * $8,161 $3,680 2017
 China * $7,878 $4,077 2017
 Iran * $7,802 $2,049 2017
 Guam * $7,631 $7,631 2017
 Turkey * $7,613 $2,966 2017
 Congo * $7,594 $2,253 2017
 Thailand * $7,548 $2,781 2017
 South Africa * $7,342 $3,343 2017
 Colombia * $7,298 $3,225 2017
 Curaçao * $6,912 $12,375 2014
 Dominican Republic * $6,249 $2,748 2017
 Ukraine * $5,970 $1,811 2017
 Chile * $5,952 $3,647 2017
 Cuba * $5,879 $4,024 2017
 North Macedonia * $5,755 $2,109 2017
 Morocco * $5,665 $2,074 2017
 El Salvador * $5,615 $2,723 2017
 Turkmenistan * $5,519 $2,019 2017
 Greenland * $5,437 $5,005 2016
 Ecuador * $5,311 $2,870 2017
 Kazakhstan * $5,311 $1,769 2017
 Gibraltar * $5,203 $5,203 2014
 India * $5,202 $1,429 2017
 Bulgaria * $5,198 $1,928 2017
 Sudan * $5,003 $1,292 2017
 Armenia * $4,990 $2,032 2017
 Venezuela * $4,684 $2,579 2017
 Bosnia and Herzegovina * $4,600 $1,864 2017
 Fiji * $4,555 $2,582 2017
 Guyana * $4,441 $2,510 2017
 Russia * $4,380 $1,721 2017
 Mauritania * $4,347 $1,241 2017
 Laos * $4,338 $1,492 2017
 Namibia * $4,337 $2,159 2017
 Algeria * $4,159 $1,106 2017
 Angola * $4,145 $2,709 2017
 Vietnam * $3,911 $1,329 2017
 Georgia * $3,632 $1,382 2017
 Bolivia * $3,628 $1,637 2017
 Indonesia * $3,562 $1,112 2017
 Peru * $3,488 $1,737 2017
 Ghana * $3,424 $1,201 2017
 Pakistan * $3,420 $983 2017
 Philippines * $3,305 $1,182 2017
 Eswatini * $3,030 $1,154 2017
 Estonia * $3,013 $1,878 2017
 São Tomé and Príncipe * $2,966 $1,699 2017
 Palau * $2,957 $3,271 2017
 Samoa * $2,773 $2,051 2017
 Tonga * $2,666 $2,053 2017
 Zambia * $2,645 $986 2017
 Paraguay * $2,468 $1,081 2017
 Syria * $2,450 $1,199 2016
 Botswana * $2,428 $1,082 2017
 Gambia * $2,336 $623 2017
 Kyrgyzstan * $2,216 $724 2017
 Kosovo * $2,178 $788 2017
 Moldova * $2,173 $876 2017
 Brunei * $2,105 $754 2017
 Eritrea * $2,066 $1,277 2017
 Guatemala * $2,057 $1,126 2017
 Anguilla * $2,024 $2,024 2013
 Zimbabwe * $2,010 $1,035 2017
 Burma * $1,992 $406 2017
 Nicaragua * $1,992 $756 2017
 Honduras * $1,992 $988 2017
 Yemen * $1,913 $813 2017
 West Bank $1,850 $857 2015
 Kenya * $1,833 $887 2017
 Uzbekistan * $1,805 $395 2017
 Senegal * $1,762 $679 2017
 Ivory Coast * $1,739 $724 2017
 Northern Mariana Islands * $1,696 $1,696 2017
 Tajikistan * $1,665 $418 2017
 Papua New Guinea * $1,585 $1,041 2017
 American Samoa * $1,579 $1,579 2017
 Bangladesh * $1,433 $543 2017
 Tuvalu * $1,394 $1,328 2017
 Somalia * $1,392 $480 2017
 Mozambique * $1,391 $472 2017
 Djibouti * $1,309 $730 2017
 Vanuatu * $1,297 $1,462 2017
 Cameroon * $1,289 $504 2017
 South Sudan * $1,229 $188 2017
 Benin * $1,222 $445 2017
 Nigeria * $1,201 $403 2017
 Togo * $1,201 $441 2017
 Cambodia * $1,187 $408 2017
 Sierra Leone * $1,169 $366 2017
 Lesotho * $1,143 $472 2017
 Tanzania * $1,084 $345 2017
 Ethiopia * $1,003 $404 2017
 Chad * $949 $327 2017
 Guinea-Bissau * $932 $397 2017
 Guinea * $894 $328 2017
 Uganda * $873 $261 2017
 Micronesia * $823 $775 2017
 Rwanda * $820 $304 2017
 Mali * $792 $295 2017
 Nepal * $703 $221 2017
 Burkina Faso * $692 $243 2017
 Malawi * $669 $186 2017
 Marshall Islands * $660 $748 2017
 Haiti * $576 $248 2017
 Madagascar * $559 $161 2017
 Kiribati * $546 $474 2017
 Comoros * $520 $257 2017
 Niger * $498 $188 2017
 Liberia * $437 $235 2017
 Libya * $431 $213 2017
 Burundi * $349 $148 2017
 Central African Republic * $312 $178 2017
 East Timor * $213 $80 2017
 Solomon Islands * $189 $185 2017
 DR Congo * $146 $88 2017
 Afghanistan * $139 $41 2017
 Hong Kong * $63 $47 2017
 Falkland Islands * $0 $0 2015
 Macau * $0 $0 2017

See also

Nation specific

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f International Monetary Fund (2014). "Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014" (PDF).
  2. ^ OECD Data. "General government debt". OECD.org.
  3. ^ OECD Data. "General government deficit". OECD.org.
  4. ^ "Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union – PROTOCOLS – Protocol (No 12) on the excessive deficit procedure".
  5. ^ "Applying the rules of the stability and growth pact".
  6. ^ "https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/GGXWDG_NGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2024-06-25. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  7. ^ [1]
  8. ^ International Monetary Fund (October 2022). "World Economic Outlook Database".
  9. ^ a b "Country Comparison :: Population — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on December 18, 2018.
  10. ^ a b "Field Listing :: Public debt — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018.
  11. ^ "Field Listing :: GDP (purchasing power parity) — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019.
  12. ^ "Field Listing :: GDP (official exchange rate) — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019.
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