Lady Fern – Athyrium filix-femina

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The Front of Patriotic and National Parties – FPNP (Arabic: جبهة الأحزاب الوطنية والقومية | Jabhat al-Ahzab al-Wataniyya wal-Qawmiyya) was a Syrian-backed coalition of Lebanese Political parties and militias formed in the late 1970s.

Origins

It was formed in late March 1976 at West Beirut by breakaway sections of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM), which included the pro-Syrian factions of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon (SSNP) and the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region, the Shia Amal Movement led by Musa al-Sadr, Kamal Shatila's Union of Working People's Forces (UWPF)[1][2] and the Kurdish Razkari Party. The FPNP supported the June 1976 Syrian intervention in Lebanon.[3][4]

Decline and demise

The alliance lasted until mid-1982, when it collapsed together with their LNM rival in the wake of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Bitterlin, La flamme et le soufre (1988), p. 139.
  2. ^ Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, 1970-1985 (1989), pp. 82–83.
  3. ^ Bitterlin, La flamme et le soufre (1988), p. 139.
  4. ^ Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, 1970-1985 (1989), pp. 82–83.

References

  • Edgar O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. ISBN 0-333-72975-7
  • Rex Brynen, Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990. ISBN 0 86187 123 5 – [1]
  • Itamar Rabinovich, The war for Lebanon, 1970-1985, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London 1989 (revised edition). ISBN 978-0-8014-9313-3, 0-8014-9313-7 – [2]
  • Lucien Bitterlin, La flamme et le soufre, VegaPress, 1988. ISBN 9782906480049 (in French) – [3]
  • Naomi Joy Weinberger, Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: The 1975-76 Civil War, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1986. ISBN 978-0195040104, 0195040104

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