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ortho-Vanillin (2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is an organic solid present in the extracts and essential oils of many plants.[1][2][3] Its functional groups include aldehyde, ether and phenol. ortho-Vanillin, a compound of the formula C8H8O3, is distinctly different from its more prevalent isomer, meta-vanillin. The "ortho-" prefix refers to the position of the compound’s hydroxyl moiety, which is found in the para-position in vanillin.

ortho-Vanillin is a fibrous, light-yellow, crystalline solid. Present in a variety of food products, it is not specifically sought after, and is therefore a less-commonly produced and encountered food additive.

History

ortho-Vanillin was first isolated, in 1876, by renowned German chemist Ferdinand Tiemann.[4] By 1910, methods for its purification had been developed by Francis Noelting, who similarly demonstrated its versatility as a general synthetic precursor for a diverse array of compounds, such as the coumarins.[5]

By 1920, the compound began to show use as a dye for hides.[6]

Biological properties

ortho-Vanillin is harmful if ingested, irritating to eyes, skin and respiratory system, but has an unmistakable high LD50 of 1330 mg/kg in mice.[7]

It is a weak inhibitor of tyrosinase,[8] and displays both antimutagenic and comutagenic properties in Escherichia coli.[9] However, its net effect makes it a “potent comutagen”.[10]

ortho-Vanillin possesses moderate antifungal and antibacterial properties.[11]

Uses

Today, most ortho-vanillin is used in the study of mutagenesis and as a synthetic precursor for pharmaceuticals, for example, benafentrine[12] and an antiandrogen compound called Pentomone.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Abou Zeid, A. H.; Sleem, A. A. (2002). "Natural and stress constituents from Spinacia oleracea L. leaves and their biological activities". Bulletin of the Faculty of Pharmacy (Cairo University). 40 (2): 153–167.
  2. ^ Barbe, Jean-Christophe; Bertrand, Alain. (1996). "Quantitative analysis of volatile compounds stemming from oak wood. Application to the aging of wines in barrels". Journal des Sciences et Techniques de la Tonnellerie. 2: 77–88.
  3. ^ Brunke, E. J.; Hammerschmidt, F. J.; Schmaus, G. (1992). "Das etherische Öl von Santolina chamaecyparissus L." [The essential oil of Santolina chamaecyparissus L.]. Parfümerie und Kosmetik. 73 (9): 617–637.
  4. ^ Tiemann, Ferdinand (1876). "Ueber die der Coniferyl- und Vanillinreihe angehörigen Verbindungen" [On coniferyl and vanillin series-related compounds]. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 9: 409–423. doi:10.1002/cber.187600901133.
  5. ^ Noelting, Francis A. M. (1910). "o-Hydroxy-m-methoxybenzaldehyde (Orthovanillin)". Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 19: 476–550.
  6. ^ Gerngross, Otto (1920). "Dyeing hide with o-vanillin and o-protocatechualdehyde and aldehyde tanning". Angewandte Chemie. 33 (44): 136–138. doi:10.1002/ange.19200334403.
  7. ^ http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/VA/o-vanillin.html [dead link]
  8. ^ Kubo, Isao; Kinst-Hori, Ikuyo (1999). "Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the olive oil flavor compounds". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47 (11): 4574–4578. doi:10.1021/jf990165v. PMID 10552852.
  9. ^ Watanabe, Kazuko; Ohta, Toshihiro; Shirasu, Yasuhiko (1989). "Enhancement and inhibition of mutation by o-vanillin in Escherichia coli". Mutation Research/DNA Repair. 218 (2): 105–9. doi:10.1016/0921-8777(89)90016-5. PMID 2671704.
  10. ^ Takahashi, Kazuhiko; Sekiguchi, Mutsuo; Kawazoe, Yutaka (1989). "A specific inhibition of induction of adaptive response by o-vanillin, a potent comutagen". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 162 (3): 1376–81. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(89)90826-7. PMID 2669748.
  11. ^ Leifertova, I.; Hejtmankova, N.; Hlava, H.; Kudrnacova, J.; Santavy, F. (1975). "Antifungal and antibacterial effects of phenolic substances. A study of the relation between the biological activity and the constitution of the investigated compounds". Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis, Facultatis Medicae. 74: 83–101.
  12. ^ Press, Jeffery B.; Bandurco, Victor T.; Wong, Elizabeth M.; Hajos, Zoltan G.; Kanojia, Ramesh M.; Mallory, Robert A.; Deegan, Edward G.; Mcnally, James J.; Roberts, Jerry R.; Cotter, Mary Lou; Graden, David W.; Lloyd, John R. (1986). "Synthesis of 5,6-dimethoxyquinazolin-2(1H)-ones". Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry. 23 (6): 1821–1828. doi:10.1002/jhet.5570230643. ISSN 0022-152X.
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