Kaluga (Russian: ΠΠ°Π»ΡΜΠ³Π°, IPA: [kΙΛΙ«uΙ‘Ι]) is a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It stands on the Oka River 150 kilometers (93 mi) southwest of Moscow. Its population was 337,058 at the 2021 census.[14]
Kaluga's most famous resident, the space travel pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, worked there as a school teacher from 1892 to 1935. The Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics in Kaluga is dedicated to his theoretical achievements and to their practical implementations for modern space research, hence the motto on the city's coat of arms: ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ±Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, KolybΓ©lΚΉ kosmonΓ‘vtiki ("The Cradle of Space-Exploration").
History
Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as Koluga; the name comes from Old Russian kaluga is "bog, quagmire".[15] During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank defense line. The Great stand on the Ugra River was fought just to the west. In the Middle Ages Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes Vorotynsky. The ancestral home of these princes lies southwest of the modern city.
On 19 January 1777, the Kaluga drama theatre opened its first theatrical season, established with the direct participation of the Governor-General Mikhail Krechetnikov.[16]
Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and by the ancient roadway, the Kaluga Road (now partly within Moscow (as the Old Kaluga Highway), partly the A101 road).[17] This road offered Napoleon his favored escape route from the Moscow trap in the fall of 1812. But General Kutuzov repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the old Smolensk road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia.
On several occasions during the Russian Empire Kaluga was the residence of political exiles and prisoners such as the last Crimean khan Εahin Giray (1786), the Kyrgyz sultan Arigazi-Abdul-Aziz (1828), the Georgian princess Thecla (1834β1835), and the Avar leader Imam Shamil (1859β1868).[18]
The German army briefly occupied Kaluga during the climactic Battle of Moscow, as part of Operation Barbarossa. The city was under full or partial German occupation from October 12 to December 30, 1941. In 1944, the Soviet Government used its local military buildings to intern hundreds of Polish prisoners of war β soldiers of the Polish underground Home Army β whom the advancing Soviet front had arrested in the area around Vilnius.
Demographics
Year | Pop. | Β±% |
---|---|---|
1897 | 49,513 | β |
1926 | 49,425 | β0.2% |
1939 | 89,396 | +80.9% |
1959 | 134,235 | +50.2% |
1970 | 210,906 | +57.1% |
1979 | 265,013 | +25.7% |
1989 | 311,399 | +17.5% |
2002 | 334,751 | +7.5% |
2010 | 324,698 | β3.0% |
2021 | 337,058 | +3.8% |
Source: Census data |
As of the 2021 Census, the ethnic composition of Kaluga was:[19]
|
Administrative and municipal status
Kaluga is the administrative center of the oblast.[1] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with seventy-two rural localities, incorporated as the City of Kalugaβan administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the City of Kaluga, together with one rural locality in Ferzikovsky District (the selo of Novozhdamirovo), is incorporated as Kaluga Urban Okrug.[9]
Economy
The Kaluga Turbine Plant is located here as is Kaluga Machine Works, which manufactures track machines for railways. In recent years, Kaluga has become one center of the Russian automotive industry, with a number of foreign companies opening assembly plants in the area:[20]
On 28 November 2007, Volkswagen Group opened a new assembly plant in Kaluga, which further expanded by 2009. The investment has reached more than 500 million Euro. As of 2014 the plant assembled the Volkswagen Passat, Ε koda Fabia and Ε koda Rapid.[21]
On 15 October 2007, the Volvo Group broke ground on a new truck assembly plant, that was inaugurated on 19 January 2009,[22] with a yearly capacity of 10,000 Volvo and 5,000 Renault trucks.[23]
On 12 December 2007, PSA Peugeot CitroΓ«n announced its decision to build a new assembly plant in Kaluga.[24]
Transportation
The city is served by the Grabtsevo Airport. Since 1899, there has been a railway connection between Kaluga and Moscow.[25]
Public transportation is represented by the trolleybuses, buses, and marshrutkas (routed taxis).
-
ZiU-682 trolleybus
-
ZiU-682 trolleybus
-
BKM-321 low-floor trolleybus
-
Kaluga Airport
-
Kaluga Railway Station
Climate
Kaluga has a humid temperate continental (KΓΆppen climate classification: Dfb), with warm and humid summers; and long, cold and snowy winters. Winter extreme records can be as low as β45 Β°C (β49 Β°F), while summer heat may reach up +40 Β°C (104 Β°F), but normal variation is between β5 Β°C (23 Β°F) and β20 Β°C (β4 Β°F) during winter and between 15 Β°C (59 Β°F) and 30 Β°C (86 Β°F) during summer in Kaluga.
Climate data for Kaluga, Russia (period 1961β1990) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum Β°C (Β°F) | β6.6 (20.1) |
β5.0 (23.0) |
0.4 (32.7) |
10.3 (50.5) |
18.7 (65.7) |
21.5 (70.7) |
23.0 (73.4) |
21.9 (71.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
9.0 (48.2) |
0.7 (33.3) |
β3.7 (25.3) |
7.2 (45.0) |
Daily mean Β°C (Β°F) | β10.1 (13.8) |
β9.0 (15.8) |
β3.5 (25.7) |
5.7 (42.3) |
12.7 (54.9) |
15.8 (60.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
16.3 (61.3) |
10.9 (51.6) |
5.4 (41.7) |
β1.9 (28.6) |
β6.6 (20.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
Mean daily minimum Β°C (Β°F) | β13.5 (7.7) |
β12.9 (8.8) |
β7.4 (18.7) |
1.0 (33.8) |
6.7 (44.1) |
10.1 (50.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
10.7 (51.3) |
6.1 (43.0) |
1.8 (35.2) |
β4.5 (23.9) |
β9.5 (14.9) |
0.1 (32.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 39 (1.5) |
33 (1.3) |
35 (1.4) |
39 (1.5) |
43 (1.7) |
77 (3.0) |
80 (3.1) |
71 (2.8) |
55 (2.2) |
50 (2.0) |
53 (2.1) |
55 (2.2) |
630 (24.8) |
Source: www.meteoinfo.ru
"www.meteoinfo.ru". Retrieved 3 September 2012. |
Notable people
Kaluga's most famous resident was rocket science pioneer Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.
Other notable people include:
- Sergei Avagimyan, former professional footballer. Born in Russia, he played for the Armenian national football team.
- Alexander Amfiteatrov
- Yuri Averbakh, chess grandmaster
- Mykola Azarov
- Pafnuty Chebyshev, mathematician
- Alexander Chizhevsky
- David Edelstadt
- Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian-American composer
- Jonah of Hankou
- Andrei Kalaychev
- Valery Kobelev, ski jumper
- Mikhail Linge
- Pavel Popovich, cosmonaut, the only person to receive two honorary citizenships of Kaluga (1962 and 1964)[26]
- Larisa Popugayeva
- Nikolai Rakov
- Imam Shamil
- Nikolay Skvortsov, swimmer
- Yuliya Tabakova
- Georgy Zhukov
- Olesya Zykina, 400m athlete
- Bulat Okudzhava, lived and taught Literature in public school in the 1980s.
- Serafim Tulikov
- Ivan Kuliak
- Lyubov Kamyrina
Twin towns β sister cities
Partner cities
In addition to twin towns, Kaluga cooperates with:[27]
Clearwater, United States (1992)
Xianyang, China (2000)
Tula, Russia (2002)
Oryol, Russia (2003)
Smolensk, Russia (2003)
Makhachkala, Russia (2012)
Tsiolkovsky, Russia (2016)
Ryazan, Russia (2017)
Tambov, Russia (2017)
Gallery
-
Kaluga. Main Square
-
Kaluga. Polman House
-
Kaluga Region Drama Theatre building
-
Kaluga. Eastern archway at the Administration Building
-
Kaluga. Moscow State Technical University (local branch)
-
Streetside stores in Kaluga
-
Kaluga. Region administration
-
Trolleybus in Kaluga
-
Astronautics Museum
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g Charter of Kaluga Oblast
- ^ ΠΠ· ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΠ°Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π»ΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ
- ^ Representative bodies of the municipality City of Kaluga
- ^ ΠΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π» ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ (in Russian). vest-news.ru. 27 March 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
- ^ Π£ΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ "ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ³Π°" (in Russian). kaluga-gov.ru. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
- ^ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΊ, 14 Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Ρ 2011
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 2010 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π’ΠΎΠΌ 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 2010 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Π§ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π½Π° 1 ΡΠ½Π²Π°ΡΡ 2018 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ a b c Law #7-OZ
- ^ "ΠΠ± ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ". ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ ΠΠΎΡΡΠ° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΠΠ‘Π£ Π ΠΠ. (Russian Post). ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ Phcode.ru
- ^ ΠΠ΅Π½Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ³Π΅ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΊ, 22 Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Ρ 2015
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ 2020 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π’ΠΎΠΌ 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ E.M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow: Russkie slovari, 1998), p. 181.
- ^ ΠΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π. Π. (1911) [ΠΠ·Π²Ρ£ΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π£ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΡ XXI]. "Π ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΡΡΠ° Π² ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ³Π΅". ΠΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π£ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΡ ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΏΡΡΠΊ XXI. ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ³Π°: Π’ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π. Π. ΠΡΡ Π°Π½Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ. pp. 56β69.
- ^ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ² (13 September 2011). "Π’ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΈ β ΡΠΎΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ". Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ "ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π¨Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ»Ρ". ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·Π΅Π». 8 September 2018. Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
- ^ "Π’Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ" (PDF). Retrieved 24 May 2023.
- ^ "Π Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 2030 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° (Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° 12 ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»Ρ 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°)". Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
- ^ "Ε koda Annual Report 2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ^ Volvo Truck starts production at Kaluga plant, Just-auto.com, 19 January 2009.
- ^ New Volvo Group assembly plant in Kaluga, Volvo Group corporate news, 15 October 2007.
- ^ PSA Peugeot CitroΓ«n to Build Plant in Kaluga, Russia Archived December 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, PSA Peugeot CitroΓ«n press release, 12 December 2007
- ^ "Train Station in Kaluga" (in Russian). Nnov-airport.ru. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
- ^ "ΠΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ³Π° ("They Bring Pride to Kaluga")" (in Russian). Kaluga: Office of the Affairs of the Mayor of Kaluga. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
- ^ a b "ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°-ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΡ". kaluga-gov.ru (in Russian). Kaluga. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
Sources
- ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ. β473 27 ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ° 1996 Π³. Β«Π£ΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΒ», Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° β681-ΠΠ ΠΎΡ 27 ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°Π»Ρ 2015 Π³. Β«Π Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π£ΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΒ». ΠΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½: "ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡ", β79, 9 Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Ρ 1996 Π³. (Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast. #473 March 27, 1996 Charter of Kaluga Oblast, as amended by the Law #681-OZ of February 27, 2015 On Amending the Charter of Kaluga Oblast. ).
- ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π‘ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ β7-ΠΠ ΠΎΡ 28 Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±ΡΡ 2004 Π³. Β«ΠΠ± ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ "ΠΠ°Π±ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠ·Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠΈΠ·Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠΎΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "Π€Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "Π₯Π²Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ³Π°", "Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ±Π½ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊ", ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π°, ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π°Β», Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π° β620-ΠΠ ΠΎΡ 29 ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ±ΡΡ 2014 Π³. Β«Π Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ "ΠΠ± ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ "ΠΠ°Π±ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠ·Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠΈΠ·Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠ·Π½ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠΎΠ·Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "Π€Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "Π₯Π²Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½", "Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ³Π°", "Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ±Π½ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊ", ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³Π°, ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π°"Β». ΠΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ» Π² ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ "ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΠ°Π»ΡΠ³Π°", Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ. ΠΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½: "ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡ", β402β404, 29 Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π±ΡΡ 2004 Π³. (Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast. Law #7-OZ of December 28, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations Located on the Territory of the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Babyninsky District", "Borovsky District", "Dzerzhinsky District", "Zhizdrinsky District", "Zhukovsky District", "Iznoskovsky District", "Kozelsky District", "Maloyaroslavetsky District", "Mosalsky District", "Ferzikovsky District", "Khvastovichsky District", "City of Kaluga", "City of Obninsk", and on Granting Them the Status of an Urban Settlement, Rural Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District, as amended by the Law #620-OZ of September 29, 2014 On Amending the Law of Kaluga Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations Located on the Territory of the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Babyninsky District", "Borovsky District", "Dzerzhinsky District", "Zhizdrinsky District", "Zhukovsky District", "Iznoskovsky District", "Kozelsky District", "Maloyaroslavetsky District", "Mosalsky District", "Ferzikovsky District", "Khvastovichsky District", "City of Kaluga", "City of Obninsk", and on Granting Them the Status of an Urban Settlement, Rural Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District". Effective as of after the official publication, with the exception of the clauses regarding the municipal formation of the "City of Kaluga", for which different dates of taking effect are specified.).
External links
Media related to Kaluga at Wikimedia Commons
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 644. .
- Official website of Kaluga
- Kaluga Business Directory (in Russian)
- Article in German about Kaluga plant
- Kaluga, Russia at JewishGen
Recent Comments